Issues and activities in 2006 1. The work of the international atomic energy agency under the three pillars of technology, security and verification within its mandate continues to lay the foundation for ensuring that nuclear technology contributes to "peace, health and prosperity".This chapter reviews the important developments in 2006 in relation to the agency's own activities worldwide. technology2. Within its nuclear technology programme, iaea promotes the exchange of nuclear information and knowledge, carries out capacity-building and transfers technology to member states, mainly through technical cooperation programmes.The aim is to facilitate and promote the use of nuclear science and related technologies to meet the socio-economic development needs of member states in a sustainable manner through the safe use of nuclear power and in the areas of food production, human health, water management, environmental protection and industrial applications. Current situation and trend of nuclear power3. By the end of 2006, there were 435 nuclear-powered reactors in operation worldwide, with an installed generating capacity of about 370 gigawattsAbout 16 percent of the world's electricity.Two new reactors are integrated into the grid (China and India), and eight are retired (two in Bulgaria, one each in Slovakia and Spain, and four in Britain).Construction started on three projects, plus the resumption of work on a nuclear power plant in the Russian federation, bringing the total nuclear generating capacity under construction to 23,641,000 kilowatts by the end of the year.Several countries, notably China, India, Japan, Pakistan, the Russian federation and the republic of Korea, have announced plans for major expansion.Argentina, France, South Africa, Ukraine and the United States have also said they are ready to expand their existing programs.4. Access to reliable and adequate energy resources is essential for development.Demand for energy continues to soar around the world, with the latest projections from the oecd's energy agency estimating that global energy consumption will increase by 53 per cent by 2030 at current consumption levels.About 70 per cent of this growth will come from developing countries.The projections also acknowledged for the first time that nuclear power, along with other energy sources, could not only meet growing energy demand and increase energy supply security, but also reduce carbon emissions from the air, since fossil fuels produce about half of man-made greenhouse gases.Thus, both the iaea and the oecd energy agency's new medium-term projections point to the possibility of a substantial expansion in the use of nuclear power.The agency has also established the interdepartmental support group for nuclear power to provide coordinated support to member states interested in considering the introduction or expansion of nuclear power.5. In the United States, a number of companies and consortia have announced plans for licensing applications, which together list about 30 new reactors.In Canada, two site preparation applications have been submitted.The ongoing energy review in the UK will address the question of whether new nuclear power stations will make a significant contribution to achieving the UK's energy policy objectives.Power companies in Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia have launched a joint feasibility study on a new nuclear power plant to serve the three countries.6. Although the use of nuclear power has so far been concentrated in industrialized countries, the landscape has changed considerably in terms of new construction: 17 of the 29 reactors currently under construction are in developing countries.India, for example, has seven reactors under construction and is planning a big expansion of capacity by 2022.China has four reactors under construction and envisions more than a fivefold expansion of nuclear generating capacity by 2020.Some countries in Asia and the Pacific are planning to incorporate nuclear power into their energy mix.Indonesia, for example, recently announced that it had decided to build two megawatt reactors in central Java, and Vietnam said it intended to press ahead with its nuclear programme.To this end, a workshop on the introduction of a nuclear power series for developing countries was held in Vienna in December under the auspices of iaea.

2006 年的問題和活動(dòng)

1. 國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)在其職能范圍內(nèi)的技術(shù)、安全和核查三個(gè)支柱下開展的工作繼續(xù)為確保核技術(shù)促進(jìn)“和平、健康及繁榮”作出貢獻(xiàn)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。本章節(jié)對(duì) 2006 年在世界范圍內(nèi)涉及原子能機(jī)構(gòu)自身活動(dòng)的重要發(fā)展情況作了回顧。

技術(shù)

2. 原子能機(jī)構(gòu)在其核技術(shù)計(jì)劃的范圍內(nèi)促進(jìn)核信息和核知識(shí)的交流，開展能力建設(shè)，并主要通過技術(shù)合作計(jì)劃向成員國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)讓技術(shù)。這樣做的目的是便利和促進(jìn)核科學(xué)和相關(guān)技術(shù)的利用，以便通過安全使用核電和在糧食生產(chǎn)、人類健康、水資源管理、環(huán)境保護(hù)和工業(yè)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域以可持續(xù)的方式滿足成員國(guó)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展需求。

核電的現(xiàn)狀與趨勢(shì)

3. 到 2006 年底，全世界運(yùn)行中的核動(dòng)力堆有 435 座，發(fā)電裝機(jī)容量約為 370 吉瓦

（電），提供了世界約 16%的電力。兩座新反應(yīng)堆并入電網(wǎng)（中國(guó)和印度），八座反應(yīng)堆退休（保加利亞兩座，斯洛伐克和西班牙各一座，英國(guó)四座）。開工建設(shè)項(xiàng)目有三個(gè)，加上俄羅斯聯(lián)邦的一座核電廠復(fù)工建造，在建核發(fā)電總?cè)萘康侥甑滓堰_(dá)到2364.1 萬千瓦（電）。一些國(guó)家，特別是中國(guó)、印度、日本、巴基斯坦、俄羅斯聯(lián)邦和大韓民國(guó)，紛紛宣布了大規(guī)模擴(kuò)展的計(jì)劃。此外，阿根廷、法國(guó)、南非、烏克蘭和美國(guó)也都表示準(zhǔn)備擴(kuò)大其現(xiàn)有計(jì)劃。

4. 獲得可靠而充足的能源對(duì)于發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。世界各地的能源需求繼續(xù)迅猛增長(zhǎng)， 經(jīng)合組織能源機(jī)構(gòu)最新的預(yù)測(cè)估計(jì)，按照目前的消費(fèi)水平，全球能源消耗到 2030 年將增加 53%。這種增長(zhǎng)的約 70%將來自發(fā)展中國(guó)家。該預(yù)測(cè)還首次承認(rèn)，核電與其他能源一道不僅能滿足日益增加的能源需求和加強(qiáng)能源供應(yīng)安全，而且還能減少空氣中的碳排放量，因?yàn)榛剂仙a(chǎn)的能源約占人造溫室氣體的一半。因此，原子能機(jī)構(gòu)和經(jīng)合組織能源機(jī)構(gòu)新的中期預(yù)測(cè)均指出了大幅度擴(kuò)大利用核電的可能性。原子能機(jī)構(gòu)還設(shè)立了“司際核電支助組”，以便為有興趣考慮引進(jìn)或擴(kuò)大核電的成員國(guó)提供協(xié)調(diào)一致的支持。

5. 在美國(guó)，許多公司和財(cái)團(tuán)已宣布許可證申請(qǐng)計(jì)劃，這些申請(qǐng)共計(jì)列出了大約 30 座新反應(yīng)堆。在加拿大，已經(jīng)提出了兩項(xiàng)場(chǎng)址準(zhǔn)備申請(qǐng)。英國(guó)正在開展的能源審查將解決新建核電站是否會(huì)為實(shí)現(xiàn)英國(guó)的能源政策目標(biāo)作出重要貢獻(xiàn)的問題。愛沙尼亞、立陶宛和拉脫維亞的電力公司發(fā)起了一項(xiàng)有關(guān)為這三個(gè)國(guó)家共同提供服務(wù)的一座新核電廠的聯(lián)合可行性研究。

 6.盡管對(duì)核電的利用迄今還集中在工業(yè)化國(guó)家，但就新開工建設(shè)情況而言，格局已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大變化：目前在建的 29 座反應(yīng)堆有 17 座在發(fā)展中國(guó)家。例如，印度有七座在建的反應(yīng)堆，并且正計(jì)劃在 2022 年前大幅度擴(kuò)大容量。中國(guó)在建的反應(yīng)堆有四座，而且設(shè)想到 2020 年將核發(fā)電容量擴(kuò)大五倍以上。亞洲及太平洋地區(qū)的一些國(guó)家正計(jì)劃將核電納入其能源結(jié)構(gòu)。例如，印度尼西亞最近就宣布，它已決定在爪哇省中部建設(shè)兩座 100 萬千瓦的反應(yīng)堆，越南則表示打算推進(jìn)其核電計(jì)劃。為此，在原子能機(jī)構(gòu)的主持下，12 月在維也納舉辦了發(fā)展中國(guó)家引入核電系列問題講習(xí)班。