1. The international atomic energy agency deals with global nuclear technology-related issues in accordance with the provisions of its statute.In carrying out this mandate, the agency has sought to provide independent and objective advice on the use of nuclear technology for development and in the promotion of nuclear safety and security and in activities related to nuclear verification.In 2009, the iaea placed particular emphasis on assisting member states to meet their energy needs through nuclear technology, to respond to climate change concerns, to help ensure food security and access to clean water, and to strengthen health care.The following is an overview of nuclear-related developments worldwide in 2009 and how they affect the work of the iaea.  Nuclear technology Nuclear power, nuclear fuel cycle and sustainable developmentCurrent situation and trend of nuclear powerDemand for global energy and interest in nuclear power continued to rise in 2009.Construction began on 11 new nuclear-powered reactors, the most since 1987.Forecasts for future nuclear power growth have been revised up again.For example, China, India and the Russian federation have all significantly increased their development goals.But during the year, only two new reactors were brought online, compared with three decommissioned, and the world's total nuclear capacity fell slightly for the second year in a row.With the closure of the ignalina-2 unit in Lithuania, the number of countries with operating nuclear power plants fell to 29.3. As of 1 January 2010, a total of 437 nuclear-powered reactors were in operation, with a total capacity of 370 gigawatts(electric).Fifty-five reactors are under construction, the largest number since 1992.The current expansion and near-term and long-term growth prospects remain centered in Asia, not least because of the region's strong economic growth.Ten of the 11 reactors under construction are in Asia, compared with 36 of 55 under constructionAnd 30 of the 41 new reactors recently brought online are also in Asia. The global financial crisis that began in the second half of 2008 was cited as a factor in delaying the start of nuclear projects in some parts of the world.But the agency raised its low and high forecasts for global nuclear power growth by 8 per cent, partly because of increasingly firm commitments by governments, power companies and suppliers to build new reactors.The financial crisis has not materially changed the factors driving rising expectations for nuclear power.In particular, the key drivers remain the strong track record and safety of nuclear power, as well as continuing concerns about climate change, security of energy supplies, high and volatile fossil fuel prices and growth in energy demand.In April, the iaea organized the international ministerial conference on nuclear energy for the 21st century in Beijing, China.The meeting, hosted by the Chinese government, assessed the status and prospects of nuclear power, including progress in technological development, and discussed the actions needed to further expand nuclear power.The end of the meeting, said in a statement: "most of the attendees respect for countries to meet their international obligations ways to make the rights of the national energy policy at the same time, nuclear power as a proven, clean, safe, competitive technology, will for mankind in the 21st century and later period of the growing contribution to sustainable development."Commencement of nuclear programme6. With many countries, particularly developing countries, expressing interest in incorporating nuclear power into their energy mix, current national policies point to a substantial expansion of the use of nuclear power.In addition, many countries that already have nuclear power plants in operation are planning to expand power generation.7. More than 60 countries, mostly in the developing world, have notified iaea of their possible interest in initiating nuclear power programmes.Fifty-eight member states are participating in regional or national technical cooperation projects related to the introduction of nuclear power.Seventeen of those countries are working on national nuclear power plans, with one choosing a nuclear power plant to build at the end of the year and one building its first.Increased interest among member states has led to a threefold increase in the number of technical cooperation projects related to nuclear power in the iaea technical cooperation cycle 2009-2011 (figure 1).Iaea has launched a new integrated nuclear infrastructure assessment service to match the milestones developed by the agency to provide guidance to member states when they initiate nuclear power projects.Review of national infrastructure needs.The first three integrated nuclear infrastructure review teams visited Indonesia, Jordan and Vietnam.Opportunities for international cooperation between new entrants and suppliers were identified at an iaea workshop in November, and new publications were issued on the financing of nuclear power plants and on the responsibilities and capabilities of owners and operators implementing new nuclear power plans.

1. 國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)依照其《規(guī)約》的規(guī)定處理全球核技術(shù)相關(guān)問題。在履行這一使命的過程中，原子能機(jī)構(gòu)一直尋求在利用核技術(shù)促進(jìn)發(fā)展問題，并在促進(jìn)核安全和核保安以及在核核查相關(guān)活動(dòng)中提供獨(dú)立和客觀的咨詢意見。2009 年，原子能機(jī)構(gòu)特別重視協(xié)助成員國(guó)利用核技術(shù)滿足能源需求，對(duì)氣候變化關(guān)切做出響應(yīng)，幫助確保糧食安全和獲得清潔水以及加強(qiáng)衛(wèi)生保健。以下概述 2009 年世界范圍與核有關(guān)的發(fā)展以及這些發(fā)展如何影響原子能機(jī)構(gòu)工作的情況。

核 技 術(shù)

核電、核燃料循環(huán)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展

核電的現(xiàn)狀和趨勢(shì)

2. 2009 年，對(duì)全球能源的需求和對(duì)核電的興趣繼續(xù)走高。有 11 座新核動(dòng)力堆開工建設(shè)，這是 1987 年以來此類開工建設(shè)數(shù)量最多的一年。對(duì)未來核電增長(zhǎng)的預(yù)期再次作了上調(diào)。例如，中國(guó)、印度和俄羅斯聯(lián)邦都大幅提高了發(fā)展目標(biāo)。但在這一年中，并網(wǎng)的新反應(yīng)堆僅有兩座，而退役的反應(yīng)堆則有三座，全世界核電總裝機(jī)容量連續(xù)第二年略有下降。隨著立陶宛伊格納林納-2 號(hào)機(jī)組的關(guān)閉，擁有運(yùn)行中核電廠國(guó)家的數(shù)量下降到 29 個(gè)。

3. 截至 2010 年 1 月 1 日，共有 437 座核動(dòng)力堆在運(yùn)行，總?cè)萘窟_(dá)到 370 吉瓦

（電）。在建的反應(yīng)堆為 55 座，這是自 1992 年以來達(dá)到的最大數(shù)量。當(dāng)前的擴(kuò)展以及近期和遠(yuǎn)期的增長(zhǎng)前景仍以亞洲為中心，其中相當(dāng)重要的原因是該地區(qū)強(qiáng)勁的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)。在開工建設(shè)的 11 座反應(yīng)堆中，有 10 座在亞洲，而在建的 55 座反應(yīng)堆有 36 座以

及最近并網(wǎng)的 41 座新反應(yīng)堆中有 30 座也在亞洲。

4. 2008 年下半年開始的全球金融危機(jī)被列為是影響世界一些地區(qū)推遲核項(xiàng)目開工的一個(gè)因素。但部分地由于各國(guó)政府、電力公司和供應(yīng)商做出的越來越堅(jiān)定的新反應(yīng)堆建造承諾，原子能機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)其全球核電增長(zhǎng)的低值和高值預(yù)測(cè)均上調(diào)了 8%。金融危機(jī)并未實(shí)質(zhì)性地改變驅(qū)動(dòng)對(duì)核電預(yù)期不斷高漲的因素。具體而言，關(guān)鍵的推動(dòng)因素依然是核電良好的實(shí)績(jī)和安全記錄，以及對(duì)氣候變化、能源供應(yīng)安全、高昂且波動(dòng)的化石燃料價(jià)格和能源需求增長(zhǎng)的持續(xù)關(guān)切。

     5.4 月，原子能機(jī)構(gòu)在中國(guó)北京組織了“面向 21 世紀(jì)的核能部長(zhǎng)級(jí)國(guó)際會(huì)議”。這次會(huì)議由中國(guó)政府主辦，評(píng)估了核電的現(xiàn)狀和前景，包括技術(shù)發(fā)展方面取得的進(jìn)展， 并討論了進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大核電所需采取的行動(dòng)。會(huì)議主義的最后聲明指出：“大多數(shù)與會(huì)者尊重各國(guó)以符合各自國(guó)際義務(wù)的方式制訂國(guó)家能源政策的權(quán)利，同時(shí)申明，核能作為一種得到證明、清潔、安全、有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的技術(shù)，將對(duì)人類在整個(gè) 21 世紀(jì)及以后時(shí)期的可持續(xù)發(fā)展作出越來越大的貢獻(xiàn)。”

啟動(dòng)核電計(jì)劃

6. 隨著許多國(guó)家特別是發(fā)展中國(guó)家表示有興趣將核電納入其能源結(jié)構(gòu)，當(dāng)前的國(guó)家政策均指向大幅度擴(kuò)大利用核電。此外，已在運(yùn)行核電廠的許多國(guó)家還計(jì)劃擴(kuò)大發(fā)電量。

  7.有 60 多個(gè)國(guó)家（大多在發(fā)展中世界）已通報(bào)原子能機(jī)構(gòu)它們可能有興趣啟動(dòng)核電計(jì)劃。58 個(gè)成員國(guó)正在參加與引進(jìn)核電有關(guān)的地區(qū)或國(guó)家技術(shù)合作項(xiàng)目。其中有 17 個(gè)國(guó)家正在制訂國(guó)家核電計(jì)劃，一個(gè)國(guó)家在年底選定了一座核電廠建造報(bào)價(jià)，還有一個(gè)國(guó)家正在建造其首座核電廠。成員國(guó)興趣的增加已導(dǎo)致 2009－2011 年原子能機(jī)構(gòu)技術(shù)合作周期與核電有關(guān)的技術(shù)合作項(xiàng)目數(shù)量增加了三倍（圖 1）。原子能機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)起了一項(xiàng)新的綜合核基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)評(píng)審服務(wù)，以便對(duì)照原子能機(jī)構(gòu)所制訂的用于在成員國(guó)啟動(dòng)核電計(jì)劃時(shí)對(duì)其提供指導(dǎo)的里程碑。  審查國(guó)家基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)方面的需要。首批三個(gè)綜合核基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)評(píng)審工作組訪問了印度尼西亞、約旦和越南。在原子能機(jī)構(gòu) 11 月的一個(gè)講習(xí)班上確定了新加入國(guó)與供應(yīng)商界之間開展國(guó)際合作的機(jī)會(huì)，此外，還印發(fā)了關(guān)于核電廠籌資和關(guān)于執(zhí)行新核電計(jì)劃的業(yè)主和營(yíng)運(yùn)者的職責(zé)和能力的新出版物。