1. Since its establishment nearly 60 years ago, the international atomic energy agency has made sustained efforts to carry out and adapt its work programme within the framework of its statute to meet the changing needs and objectives of its member states.Atomic energy agency (iaea) in 2014, the scope of activities in a balanced way focused on promoting peaceful application of nuclear science and technology, strengthen nuclear safety and nuclear security, help strengthen the global nuclear inspectors and non-proliferation efforts as well as through its technical cooperation programme to ensure that all of its members benefit of nuclear science and technology, to promote their economic and social development.2. The following is an overview of nuclear-related developments and highlights worldwide in 2014 and how the iaea has addressed them through its work.Nuclear technologyNuclear powerStatus and trends3. At the end of 2014, there were 438 reactors in operation worldwide, with a total generating capacity of 376.2 gigawatts(electric).During the year, five reactors were brought online, one was shut down permanently and construction began on three.Asia remains central to near-term and long-term growth prospects, accounting for 46 of the 70 reactors under construction.4. Iaea projections for 2030 indicate that global installed nuclear power capacity will grow by 8 per cent under the low-value scenario and 88 per cent under the high-value scenario.These projections are lower than those for 2013, mainly because some plants were decommissioned earlier than expected and the number of new plants planned in some countries fell.Still, interest in nuclear power remains strong in some regions, especially in countries where energy demand is growing rapidly.The main conference5. The international conference on "human resource development in nuclear power planning: building and sustaining capacity", held at iaea headquarters in Vienna in May, attracted more than 300 participants from 65 member states and five international organizations.The meeting noted that more systematic training programmes were being introduced in the global nuclear field and that opportunities for development on the skills pyramid were increasing.Countries were encouraged to participate in existing networks and to undertake self-assessment of capacity-building.6. In October, the twenty-fifth iaea conference on fusion energy was held in st. Petersburg, Russian federation.Participants reviewed the latest developments and achievements in the physics and technology required to demonstrate fusion power production, as well as the substantial progress in the construction of the international thermonuclear experimental reactor.The experimental reactor is a project to demonstrate more than 500 megawatts of self-sustaining fusion power generation.The conference identified the following important areas for future attention: conversion zone technology and radiochemical technology;System integration;Steady-state operation of fusion systems;And fusion-fission hybrid system technology.7. At the international symposium on the exploration, exploitation, production, supply and demand, economy and environment of uranium feedstock for the nuclear fuel cycle, some 90 presentations highlighted new developments in uranium exploration, exploitation and processing.The symposium held at iaea headquarters in June attracted more than 250 experts from 60 countries.New initiatives introduced include innovative financing, application of advanced technology in "smart mines", integrated exploration and "waste creates wealth".Issues raised in the symposium included the need to give priority to social licensing and stakeholder involvement;Apply the new technology to the whole mining life;And focus on sustainable recovery and reprovisioning of low-cost resources.Climate change and sustainable development8. The twentieth session of the conference of the parties to the United Nations framework convention on climate change (unfccc), held in Lima, Peru, in December, adopted the Lima call for climate action, an important step towards a climate change agreement by 2015.Iaea published a publication at the twentieth session of the conference of the parties to the United Nations framework convention on climate changeClimate change and nuclear power 2014 introduces new evidence on the urgency of mitigating man-made climate change in the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change.The publication also reaffirmed that hydropower, nuclear and wind power generate the least amount of greenhouse gases per kilowatt hour of electricity produced over a lifetime.The book highlights the importance of nuclear power in achieving security of energy supply and other environmental and macroeconomic benefits.Energy assessment service9. Iaea continues to assist member states, upon request, in undertaking energy planning studies to assess the potential contribution of different energy technologies, including nuclear power, to meeting future needs.In 2014, pre-feasibility studies for the introduction of nuclear power in Egypt and Jordan were completed.In accordance with the methodology developed by the iaea's international project on innovative nuclear reactors and fuel cycles, efforts to build capacity for the implementation of the nuclear energy system assessment continue.In 2014, the nuclear system assessment was implemented in Indonesia, Romania and Ukraine.Support in transit for nuclear power plants10. One of the major challenges in the long-term operation of nuclear power plants is the development and implementation of ageing management plans to assess the integrity of basic structures and systems and the remaining life of key components.Iaea has developed planned guidelines for components in respect of ageing management maintenance optimization and shutdown management plans.In October, the iaea held a "technical conference on the management of buried pipelines and storage tanks for nuclear power plants" in charlotte, United States of America.Thirty-six participants reviewed the draft guidelines for buried pipelines and storage tanks.Commencement of nuclear programme11. More than 30 countries are considering, planning or initiating nuclear power projects.During the year, Bangladesh, Jordan, Turkey and Vietnam made progress on their first nuclear power plant projects.Through services such as visits by the integrated nuclear infrastructure review working group, iaea supports these and other countries in preparing the infrastructure needed for the introduction of nuclear power.In 2014, it paid a visit to Jordan and a follow-up visit to Vietnam.Belarus and the united Arab emirates continued to build their first nuclear power plants during the year, with the construction of units ostrowitz 2 and baraka 3 respectively.

1. 國際原子能機構(gòu)自近 60 年前成立以來，一直在其《規(guī)約》框架內(nèi)持續(xù)努力開展并調(diào)整其工作計劃，以滿足成員國不斷變化的需求和目標。原子能機構(gòu)在 2014 年的活動范圍以均衡的方式側(cè)重于促進核科學(xué)技術(shù)的和平應(yīng)用、加強核安全和核安保、幫助加強全球核核查和防擴散努力以及通過其技術(shù)合作計劃確保其所有成員國都惠益于核科學(xué)技術(shù)，以促進它們的經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展。

2. 以下概述 2014 年世界范圍內(nèi)與核有關(guān)的發(fā)展和要事以及原子能機構(gòu)是如何通過其工作處理這些發(fā)展和要事的。

核 技 術(shù)

核電

狀況和趨勢

3. 2014 年底，全世界共有 438 座反應(yīng)堆在運行，核能總發(fā)電容量達到 376.2 吉瓦

（電）。這一年期間，有五座反應(yīng)堆并網(wǎng)，一座永久關(guān)閉，三座反應(yīng)堆開工建設(shè)。亞洲仍是近期和長期增長前景的中心，占在建的 70 座反應(yīng)堆中的 46 座。

4. 原子能機構(gòu)對 2030 年的預(yù)測表明，全球核電裝機容量在低值假想情況下將增長8%，在高值假想情況下將增長 88%。這些預(yù)測低于 2013 年的預(yù)測，這主要是由于一些電廠早于預(yù)期時間退役和一些國家所規(guī)劃的新電廠數(shù)量減少所致。雖然如此，對核電的興趣在一些地區(qū)依然強勁，特別是在能源需求快速增長的國家。

主要會議

5. 5 月在維也納原子能機構(gòu)總部舉行的“核電計劃的人力資源發(fā)展：建設(shè)和保持能力”國際會議吸引了來自 65 個成員國和五個國際組織的 300 多名與會者。會議注意到，全球核領(lǐng)域正在采用更系統(tǒng)的培訓(xùn)方案，并且在技能金字塔上的發(fā)展機會正在變得越來越多。會議鼓勵各國參加現(xiàn)有網(wǎng)絡(luò)和開展能力建設(shè)自評定。

6. 10 月，第二十五屆原子能機構(gòu)聚變能會議在俄羅斯聯(lián)邦圣彼得堡舉行。與會者回顧了論證核聚變電力生產(chǎn)所需物理學(xué)和技術(shù)的最新發(fā)展與成就，以及建造國際熱核實驗堆的實質(zhì)性進展。該實驗堆是一個論證 500 兆瓦以上自持聚變能發(fā)電的項目。會議確定了未來需要關(guān)注的重要領(lǐng)域如下：轉(zhuǎn)換區(qū)技術(shù)和放射化學(xué)技術(shù)；系統(tǒng)集成；聚變系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)態(tài)運行技術(shù)；以及聚變-裂變混合系統(tǒng)技術(shù)。

 7.在“核燃料循環(huán)用鈾原料的勘探、開采、生產(chǎn)、供求、經(jīng)濟性和環(huán)境問題國際專題討論會”上，約有 90 份專題介紹突出了鈾勘探、開采和加工方面的新發(fā)展。6 月在原子能機構(gòu)總部舉行的專題討論會吸引了 60 個國家的 250 多名專家。所介紹的新舉措包括創(chuàng)新籌資、先進技術(shù)在“智能礦山”中的應(yīng)用、綜合勘探及“廢物創(chuàng)造財富”。專題討論會提出的問題包括需要優(yōu)先關(guān)注社會許可證審批和利益相關(guān)者的參與；將新技術(shù)推廣應(yīng)用于整個采礦壽期；以及重點關(guān)注低成本資源的可持續(xù)回收和重置。

氣候變化和可持續(xù)發(fā)展

8. 12 月在秘魯利馬召開的《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》締約方會議第二十屆會議通過了《采取氣候行動利馬呼吁》，向 2015 年達成氣候變化協(xié)定邁出了重要一步。原子能機構(gòu)在《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》締約方會議第二十屆會議上發(fā)表了出版物

《2014 年氣候變化與核電》，介紹了“政府間氣候變化問題小組第五次評估報告”中就減緩人為氣候變化的緊迫性提出的新證據(jù)。該出版物還重申，按壽期計算，水電、核電、風能發(fā)電每生產(chǎn) 1 千瓦時電力所釋放的溫室氣體量最少。該書強調(diào)了核電在實現(xiàn)能源供應(yīng)安全及其他環(huán)境和宏觀經(jīng)濟效益方面的重要性。

能源評定服務(wù)

9. 原子能機構(gòu)繼續(xù)應(yīng)請求援助成員國開展能源規(guī)劃研究，以評估不同能源技術(shù)（包括核電）對滿足未來需求的潛在貢獻。2014 年，完成了在埃及和約旦引進核電的預(yù)可行性研究。根據(jù)原子能機構(gòu)“革新型核反應(yīng)堆和燃料循環(huán)國際項目”開發(fā)的方法，為開展“核能系統(tǒng)評定”繼續(xù)努力進行能力建設(shè)。2014 年，在印度尼西亞、羅馬尼亞和烏克蘭實施了“核能系統(tǒng)評定”。

支持在運核電廠

10. 核電廠長期運行的主要挑戰(zhàn)之一是制訂和實施老化管理計劃，以評定基本結(jié)構(gòu)和系統(tǒng)的完整性以及關(guān)鍵部件的剩余壽期。原子能機構(gòu)就老化管理、維護最優(yōu)化和停堆管理計劃制訂了針對部件的計劃指導(dǎo)方針。10 月，原子能機構(gòu)在美利堅合眾國夏洛特舉行了“核電廠地下埋設(shè)管道和儲罐老化管理技術(shù)會議”。36 名與會者審查了地下埋設(shè)管道和儲罐導(dǎo)則草案。

啟動核電計劃

 11. 30 多個國家正在考慮、規(guī)劃或啟動核電計劃。在這一年期間，孟加拉國、約旦、土耳其和越南在各自的首座核電廠項目上取得了進展。通過“綜合核基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)評審” 工作組訪問等服務(wù)，原子能機構(gòu)支持這些國家以及其他國家準備好引進核電所需的基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。2014 年，對約旦進行了“綜合核基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)評審”工作組訪問，并對越南進行了后續(xù)“綜合核基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)評審”工作組訪問。白俄羅斯和阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長國在這一年內(nèi)繼續(xù)建造其首座核電廠，分別開工建設(shè)奧斯特洛韋茨 2 號機組和巴拉卡 3 號機組。