馬尼托巴省是一個農(nóng)業(yè)用地豐富的省份，農(nóng)業(yè)部門是該省經(jīng)濟的基石。它也是該省溫室氣體排放總量中第二大排放部門。2015，馬尼托巴的總排放量為20.8兆噸的二氧化碳當(dāng)量（MTCO2E）；其中，交通部門排放量最大（總排放量的39%），農(nóng)業(yè)部門排放量為6.5 MtCO2e（或占總排放量的31%）（環(huán)境和氣候變化加拿大，2017）。雖然馬尼托巴省是一個高排放部門，但多年來的土地使用做法已變得更加可持續(xù)，例如增加土地保護(hù)和降低排放強度。在該省和國際上，越來越多的這類做法作為應(yīng)對氣候變化和支持環(huán)境承諾的重要手段，正在取得勢頭。 在國際上，自巴黎第21次聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約締約方會議（2015年12月）以來，通過管理陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)——特別是通過農(nóng)業(yè)和林業(yè)——減少人為溫室氣體排放的潛力重新成為核心氣候政策。在全國范圍內(nèi)，《泛加拿大清潔增長和氣候變化框架》強調(diào)，土地利用和保護(hù)措施下的碳固存有助于減少溫室氣體排放，實現(xiàn)加拿大2030年的減排目標(biāo)。省一級，在2016年的王位演講中，馬尼托巴省政府還強調(diào)土地利用和保護(hù)措施是碳封存的關(guān)鍵要素（馬尼托巴省政府，2016a）： 馬尼托巴的新政府將開始與我們的聯(lián)邦伙伴和其他司法管轄區(qū)的討論，因為我們制定了一個在馬尼托巴制造的氣候行動計劃。該計劃將包括碳定價，以促進(jìn)減排，保留投資資本，并刺激清潔能源、企業(yè)和就業(yè)領(lǐng)域的新創(chuàng)新。在制定固碳、改善水質(zhì)、促進(jìn)適應(yīng)氣候變化的土地利用和保護(hù)措施時，我們將進(jìn)行磋商。（第7頁，增加重點）。 此外，各省農(nóng)業(yè)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展部長共同收到了部長授權(quán)書，其中指示執(zhí)行基于替代土地使用服務(wù)模式的方案規(guī)劃（馬尼托巴省政府，2016b）。 隨著該省邁向一種新的氣候政策模式，馬尼托巴省農(nóng)業(yè)用地內(nèi)私人播種土地的土地利用做法為隔離或減少凈排放提供了機會。為此目的，國際可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所和草原氣候中心對馬尼托巴省農(nóng)業(yè)用地做法的固存潛力進(jìn)行了高級別定量分析，這些做法是照常進(jìn)行的。本研究所考慮的土地利用措施包括與濕地、林業(yè)、河岸緩沖區(qū)、最低耕作、多年生植物和覆蓋作物有關(guān)的措施。 本文首先介紹了分析框架，進(jìn)行分析，概述建模方法，假設(shè)和來源，用于計算二氧化碳當(dāng)量（CO2E）封存潛力AgRiSimoBa，以及確定分析的局限性。然后，它將展示結(jié)果，并將其從每種方法下的總二氧化碳封存潛力中分解出來，以達(dá)到個別土地使用實踐中的二氧化碳封存率。接下來，論文概述了每一種做法的一些更廣泛的生態(tài)和社會共同利益和缺點，接著是土地利用做法中政策連貫性的機會。文章最后對下一步的分析提出了建議。
Manitoba is a province rich in agricultural lands, where the agriculture sector is a cornerstone for the economy. It is also the second largest emitting sector in the province’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions profile. In 2015 Manitoba’s total emissions were 20.8 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e); of these, transport sector emissions are the largest (39 per cent of total emissions) and the agricultural sector emissions were 6.5 MtCO2e (or 31 per cent of total emissions) (Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2017). Though a high emitting sector, land use practices in Manitoba over the years have become more sustainable, such as increasing land conservation and reducing emissions intensity. In the province and internationally, more and more of these practices are gaining momentum as important tools to address climate change and support environmental commitments. Internationally, the potential to mitigate anthropogenic GHG emissions by managing terrestrial ecosystems— particularly through agriculture and forestry—has re-emerged as core climate policy since the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Paris (December 2015). Nationally, the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change highlights carbon sequestration under land use and conservation measures as contributors to reducing GHG emissions and meeting Canada’s 2030 reduction target. Provincially, in the 2016 Speech from the Throne, the Government of Manitoba also highlighted land use and conservation measures as key elements for carbon sequestration (Government of Manitoba, 2016a): Manitoba’s New Government will begin discussions with our federal partners and other jurisdictions as we develop a made-in-Manitoba climate action plan. This plan will include carbon pricing that fosters emissions reductions, retains investment capital and stimulates new innovation in clean energy, businesses and jobs. We will consult in the development of land-use and conservation measures that sequester carbon, improve water quality and foster adaptation to climate change. (p. 7, emphasis added). Additionally, the provincial ministers of agriculture and sustainable development jointly received ministerial mandate letters with instructions to implement programming based on the alternative land use services model (Government of Manitoba, 2016b). As the province moves toward a new climate policy paradigm, the land use-based practices in private, seeded lands within Agro-Manitoba1 present an opportunity to sequester or reduce net emissions. To this end, the International Institute for Sustainable Development and the Prairie Climate Centre conducted a high-level quantitative analysis of the sequestration potential of land use practices in Agro-Manitoba that are additional to business as usual. The land use practices that were considered in this study include those related to wetlands, forestry, riparian buffers, minimum tillage, perennials and cover crops. The paper begins by presenting the analytical framework to conduct the analysis, outlining modelling approaches, assumptions and sources used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) sequestration potential in AgroManitoba, as well as identifying the limitations of the analysis. It then moves on to present the results, breaking it down from total CO2e sequestration potential under each approach moving toward the CO2e sequestration rates of the individual land use practices. Next, the paper outlines some of the broader ecological and social co-benefits and drawbacks of each practice, followed by opportunities for policy coherence in land use practices. The paper concludes with suggestions for next steps in analysis.
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