努納武特目前幾乎所有的電力都是由化石燃料產(chǎn)生的，這給努納武特政府帶來了巨大的開支，部分原因是通過一些以某種方式鼓勵或支持化石燃料消費(fèi)的計劃。為了證明加拿大北極地區(qū)可再生能源的可行性，加拿大世界野生動物基金會（WWF Canada）委托IISD繪制了這些政策圖，以便更好地理解努納武特獨(dú)特的能源系統(tǒng)。通過這一進(jìn)程，確定了兩類主要政策：第一，在努納武特，一個與軍火有關(guān)的政府機(jī)構(gòu)，石油產(chǎn)品司負(fù)責(zé)采購、進(jìn)口和分發(fā)領(lǐng)土上消耗的所有燃料。每年，PPD都被要求在運(yùn)營中實現(xiàn)盈虧平衡，這意味著它應(yīng)該以正確的價格將購買的燃料出售給nunavummuut，以防止出現(xiàn)任何結(jié)構(gòu)性赤字或盈余，并相應(yīng)地調(diào)整價格。從技術(shù)上講，PPD出售的燃料不是補(bǔ)貼。 然而，GN與其他政府機(jī)構(gòu)，如Qulliq電力公司（QEC）和Nunavut住房公司（NHC）一樣，制定了一些計劃和政策，對Nunavummiut的化石燃料消費(fèi)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)貼，主要用于供暖和供電，以幫助解決燃料和生活成本過高的問題。2012年至2016年間，保守估計發(fā)現(xiàn)，每年平均撥款6050萬加元，用于支持Nunavummiut的化石燃料消耗，但有一點(diǎn)需要注意的是，一些政策可以確定，但無法量化。 在滑鐵盧大學(xué)可持續(xù)能源研究所為加拿大世界自然基金會（WWF）編制的可再生能源部署研究（Das&Canizares，2016）的基礎(chǔ)上，完成這項測繪工作，IISD，在未來20年（2016年至2036年）內(nèi)，對五個Nunavummuut社區(qū)（Arviat、Baker Lake、Iqaluit、Rankin Inlet和Sanikiluaq）在三種不同情況下的發(fā)電成本進(jìn)行了估算。首先，鑒于努納武特目前100%的發(fā)電量來自柴油，國際可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所根據(jù)Das&Canizares提供的當(dāng)前和預(yù)計的能源消耗水平概述了年平均發(fā)電成本。其次，國際可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所根據(jù)泛加拿大清潔增長和氣候變化框架對努納武特碳價格的實施進(jìn)行了建模，該框架概述，隨著碳稅的實施，從2022年起，加拿大全國每噸溫室氣體排放將花費(fèi)50加元。 第三，模擬了最后一種情景，在這種情景中，再滲透也會在每個社區(qū)減少溫室氣體排放，降低能源成本，前提是發(fā)電的碳成本也會降低。能源模型顯示，在未來20年內(nèi)，五個感興趣的社區(qū)在可再生能源滲透方面協(xié)同努力，可將溫室氣體排放量減少26.17%至74.24%，潛在的相關(guān)碳成本也可減少同樣多?？傊?，在努納武特采用可再生能源的同時，如果采用某種形式的碳價格，只需減少領(lǐng)土的溫室氣體排放量，就可以降低發(fā)電成本。
Almost all of Nunavut’s electricity is currently generated from fossil fuels, resulting in great expenses for the Government of Nunavut (GN), in part through a number of programs that incentivize or support the consumption of fossil fuels in one way or another. As part of its ongoing effort to demonstrate the viability of renewable energy in the Canadian Arctic, World Wildlife Fund Canada (WWF-Canada) commissioned IISD to map these policies, in order to better comprehend Nunavut’s unique energy system. Through that process, two main categories of policies were identified: first, in Nunavut, an arms-length government agency, the Petroleum Products Division (PPD) is responsible for purchasing, importing and distributing all of the fuel consumed in the territory. Every year, the PPD is mandated to break even in its operations, meaning that it should sell the fuel it purchases to Nunavummiut at the correct price to prevent any structural deficit or surplus and adjust its prices over time accordingly. Technically, the fuel sold by the PPD is not a subsidy. However, the GN, along with other arms-length government agencies such as the Qulliq Power Corporation (QEC) and the Nunavut Housing Corporation (NHC), has programs and policies in place that do subsidize fossil fuel consumption by Nunavummiut, primarily for heating and electricity purposes to assist with high fuel and living costs. Between 2012 and 2016, conservative estimates find that an annual average of CAD 60.5 million was allocated as support to Nunavummiut for their fossil fuel consumption, with the caveat that some policies could be identified, yet impossible to quantify. With this mapping exercise complete, IISD, building on a renewable energy deployment study prepared for WWF-Canada by the University of Waterloo Institute of Sustainable Energy (Das & Canizares, 2016), estimated the cost of electricity generation in Nunavut over the next 20 years (2016–2036) under three different scenarios for five Nunavummiut communities: Arviat, Baker Lake, Iqaluit, Rankin Inlet and Sanikiluaq. First, IISD outlined the average annual electricity generation costs based on current and projected levels of energy consumption provided by Das & Canizares, given that 100 per cent of electricity generation in Nunavut currently comes from diesel fuel. Second, IISD modelled the implementation of a carbon price in Nunavut based on the Pan-Canadian Framework for Clean Growth and Climate Change, which outlines that with the implementation of a carbon tax, from 2022 each tonne of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across Canada would cost CAD 50. Third, a last scenario was modelled in which the RE penetration would also bring about GHG emissions reduction in each community, bringing down the energy costs provided that the carbon cost of electricity generation would also be reduced. Energy modelling shows that a concerted effort at renewable energy penetration could reduce GHG emissions by between 26.17 per cent and 74.24 per cent in the five communities of interest over the next two decades, and the potential associated carbon costs by as much. In conclusion, adopting RE in Nunavut may be accompanied by a reduction in the cost of electricity generation simply by reducing the GHG emissions of the territory if some form of carbon price were adopted.
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