1. In 2013, iaea continued its extensive technical and scientific activities with a view to making a sustained contribution to meeting the needs of member states.The present report reviews developments related to nuclear issues in 2013 from the agency's perspective and in accordance with the agency's own plans.The work of the iaea's diversity plan focuses in a balanced manner on nuclear technology and its application, nuclear safety and security, nuclear verification and technical cooperation.The agency continues to work to strengthen the synergy between the scientific and technological component of its programme and its technical cooperation activities.2. This review is not intended to cover all aspects, but to focus on the following topics: the status of nuclear power;Applications of nuclear-related technologies in food and agriculture, human health, water management and environmental monitoring;Iaea efforts to strengthen the global nuclear safety culture and nuclear security;Implementation of iaea safeguards;And outreach to stakeholders and partners of member states to better understand the needs of member states and to ensure a more efficient and effective response to those needs. Nuclear technology Nuclear powerStatus and trends3. By the end of 2013, with 434 nuclear-powered reactors operating worldwide, the total generating capacity of nuclear power reached 371.7 gigawatts (gw).During the year, four nuclear-powered reactors were connected to the grid;Construction began on 10 new reactors;Belarus has become the second country to begin building its first nuclear power plant in the past 30 years.4. By the end of 2013, 72 reactors were under construction, the highest number since 1989.Of these, 48 are in Asia, which remains central to both short-term and long-term growth prospects.Of the 30 countries that use nuclear power today, 25 are expanding or planning to expand their own.5. Based on the 2013 iaea projections for 2030, global nuclear power generation is projected to grow by 17 per cent on the low forecast and 94 per cent on the high forecast.The figures, slightly lower than 2012 forecasts, reflect the continuing impact of the fukushima daiichi nuclear accident, low natural gas prices and increasing use of renewable energy.The big conference in 20136. Two major international nuclear energy conferences were held in 2013.The international ministerial conference on nuclear power in the 21st century, held in st Petersburg, concluded that nuclear power remains an important option for many countries to enhance energy security, provide energy for sustainable development and combat climate change.More than 500 delegates from 87 countries and seven international organizations attended.The participants included leaders of many organizations and other senior experts, more than 50 of whom were representatives at ministerial or similar levels.7. The international conference on safe technologies and sustainable scenarios for fast reactors and related fuel cycles, held in Paris, focused on the deployment of strategic and technical programmes for closed-fuel cycle fast reactors operating in a safe, proliferation-resistant and economical manner.Climate change and sustainable developmentThe nineteenth session of the conference of the parties to the United Nations framework convention on climate change was held in Warsaw in NovemberNinth session of the conference of the parties to the Kyoto protocol.Participants are committed to reaching an agreement on a long-term commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but progress has been made towards a universal climate agreement by 2015Limit.In the 2013 version provided to participants in the nineteenth session of the conference of the parties to the United Nations framework convention on climate changeThe potential role of nuclear power in mitigating the effects of climate change is highlighted in climate change and nuclear power.In particular, the publication examines the importance of nuclear power in reducing carbon dioxide emissions from the power sector.Support existing nuclear power plans9. Many countries have given high priority to the granting of licences for power plants operating for 30 to 40 years beyond initial expectations.Identifying materials and components that may degrade over time in harsh operating environments is an important aspect of safe and reliable operation of reactors.In this and other technical areas, the agency continues to provide guidance to countries with existing nuclear power plans and to promote knowledge sharing among them.At a technical conference in Vienna, co-organized with the European commission's joint research centre, more than 80 participants from 29 countries discussed current material health and future challenges.Commencement of nuclear programme10. More than 30 countries are considering or incorporating nuclear power into their energy mix.In 2013, two countries were building their first nuclear power plants: the united Arab emirates (uae) poured the first pot of concrete for unit 2 at the baraka site, and belarus began construction of the first unit at the ostrowitz site.In addition, Bangladesh, Jordan, Turkey and Vietnam have made significant progress on their first nuclear power plant projects.Through services such as visits by the integrated nuclear infrastructure review working group, iaea has provided support to these and other countries for the infrastructure needed to prepare for the introduction of nuclear power.In 2013, the working group on the comprehensive nuclear infrastructure review visited Poland, South Africa and Turkey.The visit to South Africa by the comprehensive nuclear infrastructure review working group was the first to a country already producing nuclear power and preparing new projects.Energy assessment service11. Iaea continues to assist interested member states in strengthening their capacity to analyse and plan appropriate national energy systems to meet national development needs and to provide sustainable modern energy services.In 2013, some 600 energy analysts and planners from 72 countries were trained in the use of iaea analytical tools.

1. 2013 年，國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)繼續(xù)開展廣泛的技術(shù)和科學(xué)活動(dòng)，以期對滿足成員國的需求做出持續(xù)的貢獻(xiàn)。本報(bào)告從原子能機(jī)構(gòu)的角度并根據(jù)原子能機(jī)構(gòu)自身的計(jì)劃回顧了 2013 年與核問題有關(guān)的發(fā)展情況。原子能機(jī)構(gòu)的多樣性計(jì)劃工作以均衡的方式側(cè)重于核技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用、核安全和核安保、核核查和技術(shù)合作。原子能機(jī)構(gòu)繼續(xù)致力于加強(qiáng)其計(jì)劃的科技部分與其技術(shù)合作活動(dòng)之間的協(xié)同作用。

2. 本綜述并不打算面面俱到，而是選擇以下一些議題分別論述：核電現(xiàn)狀；核相關(guān)技術(shù)在糧食與農(nóng)業(yè)、人體健康、水資源管理和環(huán)境監(jiān)測領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用；原子能機(jī)構(gòu)為加強(qiáng)全球核安全文化和核安保所作的努力；執(zhí)行原子能機(jī)構(gòu)保障；以及開展對成員國利益相關(guān)者和伙伴的外展活動(dòng)，以更明確地了解成員國的需求并確保更高效和更有效地響應(yīng)這些需求。

核 技 術(shù)

核電

狀況和趨勢

3. 到 2013 年底，隨著 434 座核動(dòng)力堆在全世界運(yùn)營，核能總發(fā)電容量達(dá)到 371.7 吉瓦（電）。在這一年中，有四座核動(dòng)力堆并網(wǎng)；10 座新反應(yīng)堆開工建設(shè)；白俄羅斯成為過去 30 年開始建設(shè)第一座核電廠的第二個(gè)國家。

4. 到 2013 年底，在建反應(yīng)堆共有 72 座，成為自 1989 年以來的最高數(shù)字。其中 48 座在亞洲，亞洲仍然是短期和長期增長前景的中心。在目前使用核電的 30 個(gè)國家中， 有 25 個(gè)正在擴(kuò)大或計(jì)劃擴(kuò)大本國的規(guī)模。

5. 根據(jù) 2013 年原子能機(jī)構(gòu)對 2030 年所做的預(yù)測，全球核發(fā)電量按低值預(yù)測預(yù)計(jì)增長 17%，按高值預(yù)測預(yù)計(jì)增長 94%。這些數(shù)字略低于 2012 年的預(yù)測，反映了福島第一核電站事故的持續(xù)影響、天然氣價(jià)格低迷和可再生能源的使用日益增多。

2013 年的大型會(huì)議

6. 2013 年舉行了兩次大型國際核能會(huì)議。在圣彼得堡舉行的“21 世紀(jì)的核電部長級國際會(huì)議”得出的結(jié)論是，對許多國家而言，核電仍然是加強(qiáng)能源安全、提供促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的能源和應(yīng)對氣候變化的重要選擇。來自 87 個(gè)國家和七個(gè)國際組織的 500 多名代表出席了會(huì)議。與會(huì)者包括許多組織的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人和其他高級專家，其中有 50 多位是部長級或類似級別的代表。

 7.在巴黎舉行的“快堆和相關(guān)燃料循環(huán)的安全技術(shù)和可持續(xù)假想方案國際會(huì)議”側(cè)重于部署以安全、抗擴(kuò)散和經(jīng)濟(jì)的方式運(yùn)行的閉式燃料循環(huán)快堆的戰(zhàn)略方案和技術(shù)方案。

氣候變化和可持續(xù)發(fā)展

8.11 月在華沙舉行了《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》締約方會(huì)議第十九屆會(huì)議和充當(dāng)

《京都議定書》締約方會(huì)議的締約方會(huì)議第九屆會(huì)議。與會(huì)者致力于就減少溫室氣體排放的長期承諾達(dá)成協(xié)議，但在于 2015  年達(dá)成一項(xiàng)普遍的氣候協(xié)議方面取得的進(jìn)展有

限。在提供給《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》締約方會(huì)議第十九屆會(huì)議與會(huì)者的 2013 版

《氣候變化與核電》中，核電在減緩氣候變化影響方面的潛在作用得到了突出強(qiáng)調(diào)。該出版物特別審視了核能在減少來自電力行業(yè)的二氧化碳排放量方面的重要性。

向現(xiàn)有核電計(jì)劃提供支持

9.  許多國家對于向超出最初預(yù)期的 30－40 年運(yùn)行的電廠頒發(fā)許可證給予了高度優(yōu)先重視。確定在嚴(yán)苛的運(yùn)行環(huán)境中可能隨著時(shí)間的推移而降質(zhì)的材料和部件是反應(yīng)堆安全和可靠運(yùn)行的一個(gè)重要方面。在這方面和其他技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，原子能機(jī)構(gòu)繼續(xù)向現(xiàn)有核電計(jì)劃的國家提供指導(dǎo)，并促進(jìn)它們之間的知識共享。在與歐洲委員會(huì)聯(lián)合研究中心共同組織的在維也納召開的一次技術(shù)會(huì)議上，來自 29 個(gè)國家的 80 多名與會(huì)者討論了目前的材料降質(zhì)和未來挑戰(zhàn)的問題。

啟動(dòng)核電計(jì)劃

10. 30 多個(gè)國家正在考慮核電計(jì)劃或正在將核電納入其能源結(jié)構(gòu)。2013 年，兩個(gè)國家在建造本國第一座核電廠：阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋長國（阿聯(lián)酋）為巴拉卡場址上的 2  號機(jī)組澆注了第一罐混凝土，白俄羅斯開始在奧斯特洛韋茨場址上建造首臺(tái)機(jī)組。此外，孟加拉國、約旦、土耳其和越南在各自本國首個(gè)核電廠項(xiàng)目上取得了顯著進(jìn)展。通過“綜合核基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)評審”工作組訪問等服務(wù)，原子能機(jī)構(gòu)對這些國家以及其他國家準(zhǔn)備引進(jìn)核電所需的基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)提供了支助。2013  年，對波蘭、南非和土耳其進(jìn)行了“綜合核基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)評審”工作組訪問。對南非的“綜合核基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)評審”工作組訪問是第一次對一個(gè)已在生產(chǎn)核電并正在籌備新建項(xiàng)目的國家進(jìn)行的訪問。

能源評定服務(wù)

11. 原子能機(jī)構(gòu)繼續(xù)幫助感興趣的成員國加強(qiáng)分析和規(guī)劃適當(dāng)國家能源系統(tǒng)的能力， 以滿足國家發(fā)展需求，并提供可持續(xù)的現(xiàn)代能源服務(wù)。2013 年，對來自 72 個(gè)國家的約600 名能源分析人員和規(guī)劃人員進(jìn)行了原子能機(jī)構(gòu)分析工具使用方面的培訓(xùn)。