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中國獨(dú)立煉油廠的崛起THE RISE OF CHINA’S INDEPENDENT REFINERIES

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更新時(shí)間：2021-09-18
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北京在2015年決定允許中國獨(dú)立的小型“茶壺”煉油廠通過進(jìn)口配額和許可證制度進(jìn)口原油，這證明了石油市場的重大發(fā)展。此舉標(biāo)志著煉油企業(yè)迎來了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)，這些煉油企業(yè)多年來利潤率和利用率都很差，部分原因在于稅收漏洞和地方政府的支持。2015年7月，中國政府授予了新計(jì)劃下的首個(gè)原油進(jìn)口配額。截至2016年底，共有19家獨(dú)立煉油廠獲得了總計(jì)148萬桶/日的配額，超過了西班牙原油凈進(jìn)口量。與此同時(shí)，中國的產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)激增，導(dǎo)致對其他亞洲市場的出口增加。事實(shí)上，在政府花了近20年時(shí)間試圖關(guān)閉這些小工廠，通過限制無黨派人士獲得原油的渠道來增加國家石油公司（noc）的下游業(yè)務(wù)之后，此舉標(biāo)志著一種新的做法。隨著配額達(dá)成協(xié)議，茶壺?zé)捰蛷S采取技術(shù)和環(huán)境措施，包括淘汰落后產(chǎn)能，建設(shè)液化天然氣和天然氣儲存設(shè)施，生產(chǎn)符合政府標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的精煉產(chǎn)品。目標(biāo)是鞏固獨(dú)立的煉油部門，并迫使國家石油公司變得更有競爭力。本文考察了中國獨(dú)立煉油行業(yè)的發(fā)展歷史，三年來的轉(zhuǎn)型，對國內(nèi)外能源市場的影響，以及茶壺廠的未來展望。簡而言之，本文發(fā)現(xiàn)： ?

Beijing’s decision in 2015 to allow China’s small, independent “teapot” refineries to import crude oil through a system of import quotas and licenses has proved a major development for oil markets. The move marked a turning point for the refiners, which had suffered from poor margins and utilization rates for years and relied in part on tax loopholes and the support of local governments to survive. The Chinese government awarded its first crude import quota under the new program in July 2015. By the end of 2016, 19 independent refineries had been granted quotas totaling 1.48 million barrels per day (bpd)—representing more than the net crude oil imports of Spain. At the same time, China’s product supplies surged, leading to an increase in exports to other Asian markets. Indeed, after the government spent nearly two decades trying to shut down the small plants to boost the downstream presence of the national oil companies (NOCs) by restricting the independents’ access to crude oil, the move signaled a new approach. With the quotas came an agreement that the teapot refineries take technical and environmental measures, including retiring outdated capacity, building LNG and CNG storage facilities, and producing refined products that meet government standards. The goal was to consolidate the independent refining sector and force the NOCs to become more competitive. This paper examines the history of China’s independent refining sector, its transformation over the past three years, the impact it has had on the domestic and international energy markets, and the outlook for the future of the teapot plants. In short, the paper finds the following: ?

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