美國-歐盟跨大西洋貿易和投資伙伴關系中能源處理的考慮CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ENERGY IN THE US–EU TRANSATLANTIC TRAD
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雖然美國和歐洲聯盟之間關于跨大西洋貿易和投資伙伴關系(TTIP)的談判并沒有像擬議中的美國太平洋盆地跨太平洋伙伴關系(TTP)那樣受到美國媒體的關注,從全球GDP總量和潛在的貿易問題來看,這兩項交易具有相似的規(guī)模和重要性。TTIP談判中出現的一個關鍵問題是,在是否包括一個單獨的能源章節(jié)方面存在分歧。歐盟支持這樣一個章節(jié),希望它將有助于確保美國石油和天然氣產量的增加,并有可能成為一套能源貿易示范條款,有助于與其他國家,特別是其東部國家的談判。歐盟高度依賴俄羅斯的石油和天然氣,一直在尋找使其供應基礎多樣化的途徑。美國并沒有完全反對這一章,但對這一章的必要性表示懷疑。談判的動態(tài)使雙方處于潛在的不尋常地位。長期以來,美國一直致力于消除能源產品出口壁壘和歐盟多樣化能源供應,而不得不限制原油出口,以及潛在的強有力的國內政治反對派來放松它們。支持替代能源和減少化石燃料消耗的歐盟(eu)正面臨著圍繞北美迅速擴張的油氣生產(包括水力壓裂和加拿大油砂開采)的環(huán)境爭議。
While the negotiations between the United States and the European Union for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) have not received as much US press attention as the proposed US-Pacific basin TransPacific Partnership (TTP) has, the two deals are of a similar magnitude and importance in terms of total global GDP and trade potentially at issue. One key issue that has emerged from the TTIP negotiations is a disagreement over whether to include a separate chapter on energy. The European Union favors such a chapter, in hopes it would help it secure access to increasing production of US oil and natural gas and potentially serve as a set of model trade-in-energy provisions that would help in negotiations with other countries, particularly those to its East. Highly dependent on Russian oil and natural gas, the EU has been looking for ways to diversify its supply base. The United States has not outright opposed such a chapter, but has indicated skepticism that it is necessary. The dynamics of the negotiation put both sides in potential unusual positions. The United States, long a champion of removing export barriers in energy goods and of the European Union diversifying its energy supplies, has to wrestle with restrictions on crude oil exports and the potential strong domestic political opposition to relaxing them. The European Union, which supports alternative energy sources and reducing fossil fuel consumption, faces becoming entangled in the environmental controversies around the rapidly expanding oil and gas production in North America – including hydraulic fracturing and the exploitation of the Canadian oil sands.
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