2016年9月4日至5日在杭州舉行的20國(guó)集團(tuán)（G20）峰會(huì)是繼2015年12月巴黎協(xié)議（Paris Agreement）之后的首次峰會(huì)，該協(xié)議設(shè)定了新的雄心勃勃的氣候目標(biāo)。應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化挑戰(zhàn)需要各國(guó)政策的重大轉(zhuǎn)變。雖然每個(gè)國(guó)家的情況都是獨(dú)特的，但20國(guó)集團(tuán)（G20）和聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約（UNFCCC）等國(guó)際論壇在國(guó)家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人、部長(zhǎng)和工作層面的會(huì)議為交流經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)提供了平臺(tái)。 中國(guó)一直在G20進(jìn)程和國(guó)際氣候談判中發(fā)揮著積極的作用，對(duì)向其他國(guó)家學(xué)習(xí)以支持自己的能源轉(zhuǎn)型有著濃厚的興趣。中國(guó)向巴黎進(jìn)程提交的預(yù)期國(guó)家決定貢獻(xiàn)（INDC）詳述了氣候行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，該計(jì)劃支持在2030年左右達(dá)到排放峰值，并包括減少煤炭消費(fèi)總量。2016年3月公布的“十三五”規(guī)劃，包括對(duì)煤炭發(fā)電量設(shè)定上限的計(jì)劃，以及可再生能源、能源效率和碳強(qiáng)度的目標(biāo)。中國(guó)能源轉(zhuǎn)型的挑戰(zhàn)在于在國(guó)家和省級(jí)層面實(shí)現(xiàn)這些雄心勃勃的目標(biāo)。 這份簡(jiǎn)報(bào)總結(jié)了幾個(gè)國(guó)家在中國(guó)特別感興趣的領(lǐng)域?qū)嵤┠茉凑咿D(zhuǎn)變的經(jīng)驗(yàn)：從煤炭向清潔燃料的轉(zhuǎn)變和低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)。利用國(guó)際可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所（IISD）的“機(jī)會(huì)之窗”框架（Harris、Beck和Gerasimchuk，2015年），這些案例研究是根據(jù)成功的四個(gè)關(guān)鍵要素：背景、冠軍、關(guān)注和補(bǔ)充政策進(jìn)行分析的。在簡(jiǎn)報(bào)的第二部分，我們將同樣的框架應(yīng)用于中國(guó)在北京周邊逐步淘汰煤炭的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。簡(jiǎn)報(bào)旨在協(xié)助決策者、專家團(tuán)體、媒體和所有其他對(duì)各國(guó)可以交流和受益于國(guó)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)感興趣的人，包括在20國(guó)集團(tuán)和《氣候公約》進(jìn)程內(nèi)。
The G20 Summit in Hangzhou on September 4–5, 2016, was first one to follow the December 2015 Paris Agreement that set new ambitious climate goals. Meeting the climate change challenge requires a significant shift in countries’ policies. While each country’s situation is unique, international forums such as G20 and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) meetings at the country leader, minister and working levels offer a platform to exchange experiences and lessons learned. China has been playing a proactive role in both the G20 process and international climate negotiations with a keen interest in learning from other countries in order to support its own energy transition. The Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) that China submitted to the Paris process details the climate action plan, which supports an emissions peak around 2030 and includes reduction of the total coal consumption. The 13th Five-Year Plan, published in March 2016, includes plans for a cap on coal-based generation, as well as targets for renewable energy, energy efficiency and carbon intensity. China’s energy shift challenge lies now in implementing these ambitious goals at both the national and provincial levels. This briefing note offers a summary of several countries’ experiences implementing energy policy shifts in an area of particular interest to China: the transition away from coal to cleaner fuels and a low-carbon economy. Using the International Institute of Sustainable Development’s (IISD’s) “window of opportunity” framework (Harris, Beck, & Gerasimchuk, 2015), these case studies are analyzed in terms of the four critical elements of success: context, champions, concerns and complementary policies. In the second part of the briefing note, we apply the same framework to China’s own experiences in phasing out coal around Beijing. The briefing note aims to assist policy-makers, the expert community, media and all others interested in the lessons learned that countries can exchange and benefit from international experience, including within the G20 and UNFCCC processes.
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