世界煤炭市場發(fā)展-世界煤炭產(chǎn)量和海運(yùn)貿(mào)易主要趨勢2015年全球煤炭產(chǎn)量自上世紀(jì)90年代以來首次下降至70億噸，反映出主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長放緩和需求疲軟。蒸汽煤產(chǎn)量略有下降從6 (Mt) 6 100噸和2億噸煉焦煤下降了100噸到900噸。全球煤炭貿(mào)易全球海運(yùn)無煙煤貿(mào)易在2015年估計(jì)為100噸,其中900噸動(dòng)力煤和煉焦煤200噸。2015年12月，煤炭價(jià)格和趨勢蒸汽煤價(jià)格繼續(xù)下跌至每噸45美元的低點(diǎn)，2016年第一季度略有回升。歐洲煤炭市場自2012年以來持續(xù)下滑，原因包括批發(fā)電價(jià)較低、可再生能源補(bǔ)貼導(dǎo)致的市場份額下降、環(huán)境監(jiān)管的壓力，以及用于新項(xiàng)目的公共和私人資金有限。2015年捷克共和國的硬煤產(chǎn)量為8.2 Mt，較2014年的8.7 Mt略有下降。大約3.6 Mt的硬煤出口(-10%)，大約2.9 Mt的硬煤進(jìn)口，與2014年的數(shù)據(jù)相似。大部分的硬煤用于發(fā)電(2.3公噸)。丹麥的煤炭進(jìn)口量從2014年的4.5公噸大幅下降至2015年的2.8公噸(-37%)。這個(gè)斯堪的納維亞國家沒有任何采礦作業(yè)，但使用固體燃料發(fā)電。2015年，進(jìn)口為3.5噸，焦煤為1.3噸。2016年，只有普洛斯佩-哈尼爾(er- haniel)和伊本布倫(Ibbenburen)兩座硬煤礦將繼續(xù)運(yùn)營，這符合到2018年關(guān)閉所有硬煤礦的計(jì)劃。與2014年的72.5噸相比，2015年波蘭的硬煤產(chǎn)量幾乎保持不變，為72.2噸。2015年西班牙的煤炭產(chǎn)量預(yù)計(jì)為3.0噸，較前一年大幅下降(-23%)。荷蘭三個(gè)燃煤發(fā)電廠——ENGIE鹿特丹(800兆瓦),unip Maasvlakte MPP鹿特丹(1 100 MW)和RWE Essent Eemshaven (1 600 MW)——于2015年開始運(yùn)營,確保電力供應(yīng)、電網(wǎng)穩(wěn)定性和顯著減少排放的最先進(jìn)的污染控制設(shè)備和效率高。2015年，土耳其政府批準(zhǔn)新建三座燃煤電廠，新增裝機(jī)容量240mw，進(jìn)口動(dòng)力煤6.2 Mt/年。英國的煤炭行業(yè)幾乎不可能經(jīng)歷比2015年更糟糕的一年，這在很大程度上是由于一個(gè)單一的因素:英國的高碳稅。對電網(wǎng)安全、電價(jià)和制造業(yè)(尤其是鋼鐵業(yè))的影響經(jīng)常見諸報(bào)端。2015年夏天，由于低庫存，烏克蘭曾出現(xiàn)電廠用煤短缺的情況。烏克蘭東部戰(zhàn)爭的創(chuàng)傷開始愈合。從非管制領(lǐng)土運(yùn)往管制領(lǐng)土的煤炭逐漸返回。超過5000萬歐元被用于修復(fù)受軍事沖突影響的發(fā)電機(jī)組。兩家燃煤電廠，AES Galabovo TPP和ContourGlobal Maritsa East 3 TPP，向Mini Maritsa Iztok EAD支付了全部約1.8億歐元的債務(wù)。2015年，捷克的褐煤產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定在38.1公噸，大部分用于電力生產(chǎn)(29.4公噸)。2015年德國褐煤產(chǎn)量為178.1噸，與上年基本持平。在赫爾姆斯泰特(Helmstedt)(下降19%)和德國中部(下降10%)，煤炭采掘量較低;而在萊茵蘭(+2%)和盧薩蒂亞(+1%)，這一比例高于2014年。2015年，波蘭褐煤產(chǎn)量為63.1 Mt，略低于2014年的63.7 Mt。主要產(chǎn)地是鉑族元素Be?chatow,每年有超過42噸。其他生產(chǎn)商包括PGE Turow、PAK Konin和PAK Adamow。褐煤發(fā)電提供53.2 TWh，占波蘭電力市場的33%。由于夏季干燥、冬季寒冷，羅馬尼亞最大的褐煤公司Oltenia Energy Complex度過了一個(gè)好年景，從2014年的22噸增加到2015年的24噸。斯洛伐克褐煤產(chǎn)量從2014年的2.2噸下降到2015年的1.8噸，下降了14%，大部分被用于發(fā)電。煤炭進(jìn)口量保持穩(wěn)定，約為3.7萬噸。

WORLD COAL MARKET DEVELOPMENTS – WORLD COAL PRODUCTION AND  SEABORNE TRADE Key trends Global coal production in 2015 decreased for the first time since the 1990s to 7.0 billion tonnes,  reflecting lower economic growth and weak demand in the major economies. Steam coal production  slightly decreased from 6 200 million tonnes (Mt) to 6 100 Mt and coking coal decreased by 100 Mt to  900 Mt. Global coal trade Global seaborne hard coal trade is estimated at 1 100 Mt in 2015, of which 900 Mt were steam coal and  200 Mt were coking coal. Coal prices and trends Steam coal prices continued their decline to a low of 45 $/tonne in December 2015, with a modest  recovery in the first months of 2016. EUROPEAN COAL MARKET The European coal market has continued to decline since 2012 because of low wholesale electricity  prices, loss of market share to subsidised renewables and pressure from environmental regulation as  well as the limited availability of public and private finances for new projects.Czech Republic Hard coal production in the Czech Republic amounted to 8.2 Mt in 2015, a small decrease from 2014,  when it stood at 8.7 Mt. Approximately 3.6 Mt of hard coal were exported (-10%) and approximately  2.9 Mt were imported, a figure similar to 2014. Most of the hard coal was used for electricity production  (2.3 Mt) .Denmark Danish coal imports declined sharply to 2.8 Mt in 2015 (-37%), from 4.5 Mt in 2014.Finland The Scandinavian country does not have any mining operations, but uses solid fuels for electricity  generation. In 2015, imports stood at 3.5 Mt, 1.3 Mt being coking coal. Germany In 2016, only two hard coal mines will remain in operation, Prosper-Haniel and Ibbenbren, in line with  the plan to close all hard coal mining by 2018. Poland Hard coal production in Poland remained almost the same in 2015 at 72.2 Mt, compared with 2014 at  72.5 Mt. Spain Coal production in 2015 is estimated at 3.0 Mt, a large decrease (-23%) from the previous year. The Netherlands Three coal-fired power plants – ENGIE Rotterdam (800 MW), Uniper Maasvlakte MPP Rotterdam  (1 100 MW) and RWE Essent Eemshaven (1 600 MW) – started operations in 2015, assuring electricity  supply, grid stability and significantly reducing the emissions with their state-of-the-art pollution control  equipment and high efficiency. Turkey In 2015, the Turkish government approved the construction of three new coal-fired power plants,  increasing capacity by 2 480 MW and thermal coal imports by 6.2 Mt/year. United Kingdom The coal industry in the United Kingdom could hardly have had a worse year than 2015, largely due to  a single factor: the high UK carbon tax. The consequences for grid security, electricity prices and the  manufacturing sector, particularly steel, were frequently in the news. Ukraine Ukraine recovered after a shortage of coal for power plants in the summer of 2015 due to low inventories.  The wounds from the war in Eastern Ukraine are starting to heal. Shipments of coal from non-controlled  territories to the controlled territories gradually returned. More than €50 million were spent to repair  generating units affected by the military conflict. LIGNITE Bulgaria Two coal-fired power plants, AES Galabovo TPP and ContourGlobal Maritsa East 3 TPP, paid their entire  debt of around €180 million, to Mini Maritsa Iztok EAD.Czech Republic Brown coal production in the Czech Republic remained steady at 38.1 Mt in 2015, most being utilised in  electricity production (29.4 Mt). Germany Lignite production in 2015 was 178.1 Mt, almost the same as the previous year. In Helmstedt (-19%) and  Central Germany (-10%), coal extraction was lower; while in Rhineland (+2%) and in Lusatia (+1%), it was  higher than in 2014. Poland In 2015, lignite production stood at 63.1 Mt, slightly less than the 63.7 Mt produced in 2014. The leading  producer is PGE Be?chatw, with over 42 Mt per year. Other producers include PGE Turw, PAK Konin  and PAK Adamw. Lignite-fired power generation supplied 53.2 TWh, covering about 33% of the Polish  electricity market. Romania Lignite production slightly increased to 24 Mt in 2015, from 22 Mt in 2014, following a good year for  Oltenia Energy Complex, the largest Romanian lignite company, due to a dry summer and cold winter. Slovakia Lignite production decreased by 14% to 1.8 Mt in 2015, from 2.2 Mt in 2014, most being consumed for  electricity generation. Coal imports remained stable, at around 3.7 Mt.