世界煤炭市場發(fā)展——世界煤炭生產(chǎn)和海運貿(mào)易2012年全球煤炭產(chǎn)量估計約72億t和海運無煙煤貿(mào)易大約增長了11%達到10.82億t。世界煤炭市場價格CIF ARA的動力煤價格穩(wěn)步下降2012年年初以來,達到平均價格為74.96美元/ t 2013年7月。歐洲煤炭市場經(jīng)濟危機和目前的煤炭供應(yīng)過剩對歐盟成員國造成了許多后果:煤炭價格下跌，進口煤炭與本地生產(chǎn)形成競爭，煤炭取代了昂貴的天然氣用于發(fā)電。波蘭仍是歐洲最大的煤炭生產(chǎn)國和消費國，擁有大量未開發(fā)的硬煤和褐煤儲量。在德國，目前仍有三個地下硬煤礦在運營，分別是普洛斯佩-哈尼爾、奧古斯特維多利亞和伊本布倫。2012年德國進口的硬煤總量幾乎與2011年持平。蒸汽煤進口增加了5%，即1.7噸，焦煤進口減少了0.4噸，焦炭進口減少了1.2噸。煤是在上西里西亞煤盆地南部奧斯特拉瓦-卡維納煤區(qū)開采的。2012年西班牙煤炭產(chǎn)量達到6.6噸，其中硬煤和無煙煤產(chǎn)量為4.26噸，亞煙煤產(chǎn)量為2.36噸。在英國兩個深礦井必須關(guān)閉,Maltby煤礦,由于安全條件變化引起的地質(zhì)和寒鴉軋機煤礦,最大的煤礦在英國和歐洲最大的礦山之一,一場大火摧毀了我后,有1400人失業(yè)。奧地利幾乎沒有煤炭活動，因為沒有更多的本土煤炭生產(chǎn)。2012年進口量約為3.5噸，其中一半用于發(fā)電，一半用于鋼廠。瑞典的煤炭使用量不到3噸，主要用于鋼鐵生產(chǎn)。在斯德哥爾摩，只有一家燃煤電廠將被一家使用生物燃料的新電廠取代。2013年前幾個月，德國褐煤工業(yè)的產(chǎn)煤量保持穩(wěn)定。然而,由于逐步淘汰核能和份額的增加RES電力市場的形勢越來越復雜:看天風和太陽照耀時,德國不得不出口能源產(chǎn)生的可再生能源的一部分,它把電力價格下降。2012年波蘭褐煤產(chǎn)量為64.2噸，2011年為62.8噸。最大的生產(chǎn)商是鉑族元素GiEK SA / KWB Be?chatow。2012年希臘褐煤總產(chǎn)量為61.7 Mt，主要由PPC公司生產(chǎn)?？纯聪ＥD的能源組合，在2004年，52千瓦時中有32.5千瓦時是由褐煤生產(chǎn)的。在捷克共和國,目前有四家公司(Severo?eske輕而易舉地,捷克煤炭、Severni energeticka(原Litvinovska uhelna)和Sokolovska uhelna)產(chǎn)生褐煤表面礦山和地下礦山之一,被稱為中樞。所有公司都在波西米亞西北部經(jīng)營。2013年伊始，保加利亞舉行了反對高電價和電力供應(yīng)商的社會抗議活動。這導致了政府的辭職和新的選舉。煤炭產(chǎn)量降至31.95噸左右，比2011年的36.9噸減少了13.5%。

WORLD COAL MARKET DEVELOPMENTS - WORLD COAL PRODUCTION AND SEABORNE  TRADE Global coal production for 2012 is estimated at about 7.2 bn t and seaborne hard  coal trade grew by approximately 11% reaching 1.082 bn t. WORLD COAL MARKET PRICES Steam coal prices CIF ARA have steadily decreased since the beginning of 2012  reaching an average price of 74.96 US$/t in July 2013. EUROPEAN COAL MARKETThe economic crisis and the current oversupply of coal have had many  consequences for EU Member States: coal prices have fallen, imported coal was  competing with local production and coal has displaced expensive gas for power  generation. HARD COAL Poland remains the biggest coal producer and consumer in Europe with huge unexploited hard coal and lignite reserves. In Germany there are currently 3 underground hard coal mines still in operation,  namely Prosper-Haniel, Auguste Victoria and Ibbenbueren. Total Hard coal imports to Germany in 2012 stayed nearly at the same level as in  2011. Steam coal imports increased by 5% or 1.7 Mt whilst coking coal imports  decreased by 0.4 Mt and coke by 1.2 Mt. In the Czech Republic, hard coal is produced by OKD. Coal is mined in the southern  part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, in the Ostrava-Karvin coal district. In Spain coal output reached 6.6 Mt in 2012 of which 4.26 Mt hard coal and  anthracite and 2.36 Mt subbituminous coal. In the United Kingdom two deep mines had to be closed, Maltby colliery, because of  safety conditions caused by a change in geology and Daw Mill colliery, the biggest  mine in the UK and one of the biggest mines in Europe, after a big fire had  devastated the mine, some 1400 jobs were lost. Austria has very little coal activities, as there is no more indigenous coal production.  Imports account for some 3.5 Mt in 2012 of which half is used for power generation  and half for steel mills. Sweden uses less than 3 Mt of coal, mostly for steel production. There is only one  single coal-fired power plant in Stockholm which will be replaced by a new plant,  using biofuels. LIGNITEOutput of the German lignite industry remained stable during the first months of 2013.  Nevertheless, due to phasing-out of nuclear and the increasing share of RES the  situation on the electricity market is getting more and more complicated: looking at  days when the wind blows and the sun shines, Germany is obliged to export part of  its energy generated by renewables, which pushes electricity prices down. Polish lignite production in 2012 reached 64.2 Mt against 62.8 Mt in 2011. The biggest  producer was PGE GiEK SA/ KWB Be?chatw. In Greece, lignite output totalled 61.7 Mt in 2012, mainly produced by PPC. Looking  at the Greek energy mix, in 2004, 32.5 TWh out of the total 52 TWh were produced  from lignite. In the Czech Republic, there are currently four companies (Severo?esk doly, Czech  Coal, Severn energetick (former Litvnovsk uheln) and Sokolovsk uheln) that  produce brown coal from surface mines and from one underground mine, called  Centrum. All companies are operating in north-western Bohemia. Bulgaria started 2013 with social protests against high electricity prices and electricity  suppliers. This led to the government's resignation and new elections. Coal  production declined to about 31.95 Mt, which is 13.5% less than in 2011 (36.9 Mt).