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可再生能源地緣政治學(xué)The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy 可再生能源地緣政治學(xué)The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy

可再生能源地緣政治學(xué)The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy

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  • 更新時(shí)間:2021-09-20
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一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來,能源地緣政治一直是油氣地緣政治的代名詞。然而,地緣政治和全球能源經(jīng)濟(jì)都在發(fā)生變化。二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來占主導(dǎo)地位的國際秩序面臨著日益嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)。與此同時(shí),可再生能源發(fā)展迅速。盡管如此,可再生能源的地緣政治受到的關(guān)注相對較少,特別是在考慮到全球轉(zhuǎn)向可再生能源的深遠(yuǎn)影響時(shí)。 本文首先討論了未來幾十年的七種可再生能源情景:國際能源署2016年世界能源展望、環(huán)境影響評估2016年國際能源展望、艾琳娜2016年重新規(guī)劃、彭博社2016年新能源展望、英國石油公司2016年能源展望,??松梨?016年能源展望以及IEA和IRENA G20聯(lián)合脫碳情景。 其中一些是預(yù)測,而另一些是預(yù)測。雖然所有的預(yù)測情景都設(shè)想了可再生能源的增長,但沒有人預(yù)測在未來幾十年中可再生能源的使用會超過任何化石燃料的消耗。與此相反,反推情景假設(shè)未來世界采用完全不同的能源組合,可再生能源的消耗最終超過化石燃料。在這三種延期方案中,2035年或2040年可再生能源占一次能源總量的比例達(dá)到30-45%,2050年達(dá)到50-70%。 文章接著討論了可再生能源形成地緣政治的七種機(jī)制。

For a century, the geopolitics of energy has been synonymous with the geopolitics of oil and gas. However, geopolitics and the global energy economy are both changing. The international order predominant since the end of World War II faces mounting challenges. At the same time, renewable energy is growing rapidly. Nevertheless, the geopolitics of renewable energy has received relatively little attention, especially when considering the far-reaching consequences of a global shift to renewable energy. The paper starts with a discussion of seven renewable energy scenarios for the coming decades: the IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2016, the EIA’s International Energy Outlook 2016, IRENA’s REmap 2016, Bloomberg’s New Energy Outlook 2016, BP’s Energy Outlook 2016, Exxon-Mobil’s Outlook for Energy 2016 and the joint IEA and IRENA G20 de-carbonization scenario. Some of these are forecasting while others are backcasting scenarios. While all the forecasting scenarios envisage growth in renewable energy, none anticipate a revolution in which renewable energy use surpasses consumption of any of the fossil fuels in the next several decades. In contrast, the backcasting scenarios posit a future in which the world employs a radically different energy mix where consumption of renewables eventually surpasses that of fossil fuels. In all three backasting scenarios covered here, the share of renewables of total primary energy reaches 30-45% in 2035 or 2040 and 50-70% in 2050. The paper then discusses seven mechanisms through which renewables could shape geopolitics.

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