2015年至2016年間，《生物多樣性公約》秘書處召集了一個(gè)多方利益相關(guān)者專家組，以確定一套核心的生物多樣性指標(biāo)，這些指標(biāo)可由成員國加以衡量，作為了解其各自管轄范圍內(nèi)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)造成的生物多樣性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況的基礎(chǔ)。由此產(chǎn)生的商品生產(chǎn)生物多樣性影響指標(biāo)為理解農(nóng)業(yè)做法對生物多樣性保護(hù)的貢獻(xiàn)提供了一個(gè)起點(diǎn)。自愿可持續(xù)性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（VSSs）正越來越多地被各種部門采納，作為促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)中可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)。本綜述試圖了解在農(nóng)業(yè)部門運(yùn)行的主要VSS在多大程度上與BIICP所針對的具體生物多樣性相關(guān)目標(biāo)相一致。以下是根據(jù)我們的分析得出的結(jié)論摘要。在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)最為活躍的八個(gè)行業(yè)中，符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的生產(chǎn)增長繼續(xù)超過傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品的增長。到2020年，每一個(gè)行業(yè)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)達(dá)標(biāo)產(chǎn)量有望達(dá)到全球產(chǎn)量的10%或以上。 2008年至2014年，香蕉、棉花、咖啡、可可、茶葉、糖、棕櫚油和大豆等15個(gè)自愿性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，符合其中一個(gè)或多個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的商品生產(chǎn)在2008年至2014年間平均每年增長35%——2015年貿(mào)易額估計(jì)達(dá)到525億美元。同期常規(guī)生產(chǎn)的平均增長率為3%。到2014年，所審查的8個(gè)市場中，有4個(gè)市場的合規(guī)率達(dá)到或超過全球產(chǎn)量的10%。基于目前的市場趨勢和現(xiàn)有的“未實(shí)現(xiàn)”的企業(yè)承諾，可持續(xù)采購，我們預(yù)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)符合生產(chǎn)的八個(gè)市場的每一個(gè)將達(dá)到10%或以上的全球總產(chǎn)量2020。 盡管某些農(nóng)業(yè)部門的自愿標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在市場上有了顯著增長，但在整個(gè)全球農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仍然是一種邊緣力量。 2014年，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)最為活躍的8個(gè)行業(yè)（香蕉、棉花、咖啡、可可、茶葉、糖、棕櫚油和大豆行業(yè)）的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)覆蓋總面積達(dá)到1450萬公頃，占全球農(nóng)業(yè)面積不到1%。同樣，我們估計(jì)，這八種農(nóng)產(chǎn)品100%的認(rèn)證只相當(dāng)于全球農(nóng)業(yè)用地面積的12%。如果自愿標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要在減少農(nóng)業(yè)對生物多樣性喪失的影響方面發(fā)揮主要作用，它們至少必須在其他作物中建立重要地位，特別是在小麥、玉米和水稻等主要作物中。自愿標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定的要求優(yōu)先考慮防止生境喪失，這在歷史上是農(nóng)業(yè)造成生物多樣性喪失的唯一最重要的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素。 審查的自愿標(biāo)準(zhǔn)明確強(qiáng)調(diào)了對生境保護(hù)的要求。在所審查的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，87%禁止在最近從某些或所有類型的林地轉(zhuǎn)換而來的土地上生產(chǎn)，而十大要求中有七項(xiàng)是針對生境保護(hù)的。鑒于主要由于土地轉(zhuǎn)換而造成的生境喪失是農(nóng)業(yè)造成生物多樣性喪失的唯一最重要驅(qū)動(dòng)力，從生物多樣性的角度來看，生境保護(hù)自愿標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的重點(diǎn)令人鼓舞。
Between 2015 and 2016, the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity convened a multistakeholder group of experts to identify a core set of biodiversity indicators that might be measured by member countries as a basis for understanding the state of biodiversity risk posed by agricultural production within their respective jurisdictions. The resulting Biodiversity Impact Indicators for Commodity Production (BIICP) offer a starting point for understanding the contribution of agricultural practices to biodiversity protection. Voluntary sustainability standards (VSSs) are increasingly being adopted in a variety of sectors as a basis for promoting sustainable agriculture at production. This review attempts to understand the degree to which major VSSs operating in the agriculture sector are aligned with the specific biodiversity-related objectives targeted by the BIICP. The following is a summary of the findings based on our analysis. The growth of standard-compliant production continues to outpace growth for conventional products in the eight sectors where standards are most active. Standard-compliant production is on track to reach 10 per cent or more of global production across each of these sectors by 2020. Commodity production compliant with one or more of the 15 voluntary standards covered in this review across the banana, cotton, coffee, cocoa, tea, sugar, palm oil and soybean sectors combined grew, on average, 35 per cent per annum between 2008 and 2014 —reaching an estimated trade value of USD 52.5 billion in 2015. The average growth of conventional production over the same period was 3 per cent. By 2014, four of the eight markets reviewed had achieved compliance rates of 10 per cent or more of global production. Based on current market trends and existing “unimplemented” corporate commitments to sustainable sourcing, we expect that standardcompliant production for each of the eight markets will have reached 10 per cent or more of total global production by 2020. Notwithstanding the significant market growth of voluntary standards across select agricultural sectors, standards remain a marginal force across global agricultural production as a whole. The total area covered by standards in the eight sectors where standards are most active reached 14.5 million hectares in 2014 (banana, cotton, coffee, cocoa, tea, sugar, palm oil and soybean sectors), accounting for less than 1 per cent of global agricultural area. Similarly, we estimate that 100 per cent certification of these eight agricultural commodities would amount to a mere 12 per cent of global agricultural land area. If voluntary standards are to play a major role in reducing the impacts of agriculture on biodiversity loss, they will have to, at a minimum, establish a significant presence among other crops—most notably, staple crops such as wheat, maize and rice. The requirements specified by voluntary standards prioritize protection against habitat loss, historically the single most important driver of agriculturally caused biodiversity loss. The voluntary standards reviewed display a clear emphasis on requirements directed toward habitat conservation. Of the standards reviewed, 87 per cent prohibit production on land recently converted from some or all types of forestland while seven of the top 10 requirements targeted habitat conservation. Given that habitat loss, principally due to land conversion, represents the single most important driver of biodiversity loss arising from agriculture, the focus of voluntary standards on habitat protection is encouraging from a biodiversity perspective.
-
加拿大煤炭開采Coal Mining in Canada 2021-09-20
-
化工節(jié)能技術(shù)手冊 王文堂 2006年化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社 2021-09-20
-
年終總結(jié)新年計(jì)劃工作匯報(bào)PPT模板 2021-09-20