在過去的幾十年中，美國(guó)的油氣產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)迅速，這在很大程度上是由于頁巖資源的開發(fā)。地方政府以各種方式受到油氣開發(fā)的影響，包括對(duì)收入和服務(wù)需求的影響。在本報(bào)告中，我們以先前的研究為基礎(chǔ)，考察了八個(gè)油氣生產(chǎn)量大的州的另外14個(gè)地區(qū)：阿拉斯加，加利福尼亞，堪薩斯州，新墨西哥州，俄亥俄州，俄克拉荷馬州，猶他州和西弗吉尼亞州。這些地區(qū)中的一些地區(qū)最近油氣活動(dòng)大幅增加，而其他地區(qū)則沒有。我們描述了主要的收入來源，主要的服務(wù)需求（即成本）以及每個(gè)地區(qū)縣市的凈財(cái)政影響。先前的研究（Newell＆Raimi 2015b，a）研究了八個(gè)不同州的12個(gè)地區(qū)：阿肯色州，科羅拉多州，路易斯安那州，蒙大拿州，北達(dá)科他州，賓夕法尼亞州，德克薩斯州和懷俄明州。 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，地方政府的凈財(cái)政效應(yīng)差異很大，大多數(shù)地方政府都從該行業(yè)中獲得凈財(cái)政收益（見表1）。但是，地方因素和州級(jí)政策可以發(fā)揮重要作用，而且各個(gè)州的一些地方政府都經(jīng)歷了與油氣活動(dòng)相關(guān)的凈成本。正如我們?cè)诳八_斯州，新墨西哥州，俄克拉荷馬州和猶他州的部分地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣，高度農(nóng)村地區(qū)的大規(guī)模，快速的油氣開發(fā)可能會(huì)對(duì)地方政府的財(cái)政產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響，這可能難以跟上道路維修，緊急情況和交通事故的需求。執(zhí)法服務(wù)以及與雇用新員工和保留現(xiàn)有員工相關(guān)的各種費(fèi)用。如果地方收入來源或州政府的撥款不足以管理這些新成本，則地方政府將承受凈財(cái)政成本，服務(wù)或基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施可能會(huì)惡化。諸如地理，人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)和現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施之類的當(dāng)?shù)匾蛩?，在確定石油和天然氣活動(dòng)迅速擴(kuò)大的地區(qū)對(duì)地方政府的凈財(cái)政影響方面，都可以發(fā)揮重要作用。例如，在猶他州東部的因達(dá)湖盆地的兩個(gè)縣由于與生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的大量新收入，因此與該行業(yè)相關(guān)的財(cái)務(wù)收益可觀。但是，相鄰的第三個(gè)縣的石油和天然氣產(chǎn)量很少，導(dǎo)致收入有限，并且由于該縣的石油和天然氣車輛交通大量增加，因此它無法滿足道路維修的需求。 在阿拉斯加各地以及加利福尼亞，堪薩斯州，新墨西哥州和俄克拉荷馬州的部分地區(qū)，近年來石油和天然氣的長(zhǎng)期生產(chǎn)一直在下降，因此出現(xiàn)了一系列明顯的問題。一般而言，這些地區(qū)的地方政府可享受到巨大的財(cái)政利益，這是由于石油和天然氣資產(chǎn)以及石油和天然氣勞動(dòng)力推動(dòng)了龐大（盡管正在下降）的稅基。對(duì)于這些地區(qū)的地方政府而言，主要關(guān)注的是公共收入的多樣化，這通常與地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)多樣化的挑戰(zhàn)有關(guān)。隨著石油和天然氣活動(dòng)的放緩以及相關(guān)稅基的侵蝕，地方領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正試圖增加多樣化以支持其社區(qū)和公共庫(kù)房。隨著2014年末開始的石油價(jià)格急劇下跌并一直持續(xù)到撰寫本文之時(shí)，這一挑戰(zhàn)的重要性可能會(huì)增加。

Oil and gas production has grown rapidly in the United States over the past decades, in large part due to the development of shale resources. Local governments are affected by oil and gas development in a variety of ways, including impacts to revenues and demand for services. In this report, we build on our previous research by examining 14 additional regions across eight states with substantial oil and gas production: Alaska, California, Kansas, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Utah, and West Virginia. Some of these regions have recently experienced substantial increases in oil and gas activity, while others have not. We describe the major revenue sources, the major demands for services (i.e., costs), and the net fiscal impacts for counties and municipalities in each region. Previous research (Newell & Raimi 2015b, a) examined 12 regions in eight different states: Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, Montana, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Wyoming.

We find wide variation in the net fiscal effects for local governments, with most local governments experiencing net fiscal benefits from the industry (See Table 1). However, local factors and state-level policies can play an important role, and some local governments in a variety of states have experienced net costs associated with oil and gas activity. As we found in parts of Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Utah, large-scale and rapid oil and gas development in highly rural regions can negatively affect local government finances, which may struggle to keep up with demands for road repair, emergency and law enforcement services, and a variety of costs associated with hiring new and retaining existing staff. If local revenue sources or allocations from the state government are not sufficient to manage these new costs, local governments will experience net fiscal costs and services or infrastructure may deteriorate.

Local factors such as geography, demographics, and pre-existing infrastructure can each play important roles in determining the net fiscal impacts for local governments in regions with rapidly expanding oil and gas activity. For example, two counties in eastern Utah’s Uintah basin have 

experienced substantial fiscal benefits associated with the industry due to large new revenues associated with production. But a neighboring third county has little oil and gas production leading to limited revenues and, because oil and gas vehicle traffic has increased substantially in this county, it has not been able to keep up with demand for road repair.

Throughout Alaska, and in parts of California, Kansas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, where longstanding oil and gas production has been declining in recent years, a distinct set of issues tends to arise. Generally speaking, local governments in these regions experience substantial fiscal benefits due to a large, though declining, tax base driven by oil and gas property and the oil and gas workforce. For local governments in these regions, a key concern is diversification of public revenues, which is often related to the challenge of diversifying the regional economy. As oil and gas activity slows and the associated tax base erodes, local leaders are trying to increase diversification to support their communities and public coffers. The salience of this challenge will likely grow with the sharp drop in oil prices that began in late 2014 and persists through the time of this writing.