最近在石油和天然氣領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)新推動(dòng)了美國(guó)生產(chǎn)的復(fù)興和美國(guó)國(guó)際能源貿(mào)易地位的戲劇性轉(zhuǎn)變。美國(guó)原油產(chǎn)量已從2006年末的500萬(wàn)桶/日增至2014年末的900萬(wàn)桶/日。石油總產(chǎn)量超過(guò)1200萬(wàn)桶/日，使美國(guó)成為世界上最大的液體供應(yīng)商。在過(guò)去的八年中，產(chǎn)量的增加和石油消費(fèi)的下降使美國(guó)的進(jìn)口依存度從60%下降到26%。盡管美國(guó)可能會(huì)繼續(xù)消耗比我們生產(chǎn)更多的石油，因此仍然是石油凈進(jìn)口國(guó)，但人們?cè)絹?lái)越擔(dān)心美國(guó)煉油系統(tǒng)是否有能力吸收未來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)原油產(chǎn)量的增長(zhǎng)。事實(shí)上，美國(guó)原油產(chǎn)量的近期和預(yù)計(jì)增長(zhǎng)都比加拿大、墨西哥、委內(nèi)瑞拉和中東原油更輕，硫含量更低，許多美國(guó)煉油廠目前都在進(jìn)行加工。世界其他地方的煉油廠加工輕質(zhì)油，但根據(jù)現(xiàn)行法律，美國(guó)原油出口基本上（但并非完全）被禁止。國(guó)內(nèi)原油供應(yīng)與國(guó)內(nèi)煉油能力之間的不匹配日益加劇，促使人們重新評(píng)估這些出口限制。有人支持也有人反對(duì)增加從美國(guó)出口的原油數(shù)量。國(guó)內(nèi)石油生產(chǎn)商擔(dān)心，如果沒(méi)有進(jìn)入國(guó)外市場(chǎng)，他們將不得不打壓他們的石油，以激勵(lì)煉油廠在現(xiàn)有設(shè)施上進(jìn)行加工，或覆蓋建造新設(shè)備所需的投資。美國(guó)原油生產(chǎn)商市場(chǎng)價(jià)格走低可能會(huì)減少上游投資和未來(lái)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)增長(zhǎng)。許多煉油企業(yè)擔(dān)心，允許原油出口將提高國(guó)內(nèi)原油價(jià)格，損害其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，并降低對(duì)新煉油投資的激勵(lì)。消費(fèi)者擔(dān)心，出口石油可能會(huì)提高汽油和柴油價(jià)格，使它們更容易受到未來(lái)國(guó)際供應(yīng)中斷的影響。一些環(huán)保組織擔(dān)心，允許出口將導(dǎo)致國(guó)內(nèi)頁(yè)巖氣開(kāi)發(fā)更多，全球溫室氣體排放更多。
Recent innovations in the oil and gas sector have catalyzed a renaissance in US production and a dramatic turnaround in America’s international energy trade position. US crude oil production has increased from 5 million barrels per day (b/d) in late 2006 to 9 million b/d in late 2014. Total petroleum production is over 12 million b/d, making the US the largest liquids supplier in the world. Rising production and declining petroleum consumption has reduced US import dependence from 60 percent to 26 percent over the past eight years. Although the US will likely continue to consume more oil than we produce, and thus remain a net petroleum importer, there are growing concerns about the ability of the US refining system to absorb future growth in domestic crude production. Virtually all the recent and projected growth in US crude output is lighter weight and lower sulfur than the Canadian, Mexican, Venezuelan and Middle Eastern crudes many US refineries are currently configured to process. Refineries elsewhere in the world process light oil, but under current law, US crude oil exports are largely (though not entirely) prohibited. The growing mismatch between domestic crude supply and domestic refining capacity is prompting a re-evaluation of these export restrictions. There are both proponents and opponents of increasing the amount of crude oil that can be exported from the United States. Domestic oil producers worry that without access to foreign markets, they will have to discount their oil to incentivize refiners to process it at existing facilities or cover the investment required to build new ones. Lower market prices for US crude producers could reduce upstream investment and future domestic production growth. Many refiners worry that allowing crude oil exports will raise domestic crude prices, harm their competitiveness and reduce the incentive for new refining investments. Consumers worry that exporting oil could increase gasoline and diesel prices and leave them more vulnerable to future international supply disruptions. And some environmental groups worry that allowing exports will result in more shale development domestically and more greenhouse gas emissions globally.
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