世界煤炭市場(chǎng)發(fā)展-世界煤炭生產(chǎn)和海運(yùn)貿(mào)易重要事件中國(guó)，世界上最大的煤炭消費(fèi)國(guó)，結(jié)束了其長(zhǎng)期的煤炭需求增長(zhǎng)，導(dǎo)致進(jìn)口和產(chǎn)量下降。今年1月，中國(guó)出臺(tái)了新的煤炭質(zhì)量控制規(guī)定，導(dǎo)致貨運(yùn)延誤和貿(mào)易停滯。這些困難很快就消失了，隨后澳大利亞政府宣布了新的質(zhì)量規(guī)定，并進(jìn)行了外交努力。全球煤炭產(chǎn)量和貿(mào)易初步預(yù)測(cè)顯示，2015年全球硬煤產(chǎn)量略有下降，為7100噸，2014年為7200噸。在ARA (Antwerp-Rotterdam-Amsterdam)港口，煤炭?jī)r(jià)格和趨勢(shì)蒸汽煤價(jià)格在52-58美元/噸之間繼續(xù)下跌。煉焦煤價(jià)格在經(jīng)歷了2014年的持平后也有所下降。歐洲煤炭市場(chǎng)歐洲煤炭行業(yè)受到三個(gè)方面的推動(dòng):全球煤炭?jī)r(jià)格較低，原因是產(chǎn)能過(guò)剩;可再生能源補(bǔ)貼帶來(lái)的低電價(jià);此外，監(jiān)管部門(mén)還面臨著現(xiàn)代化的壓力，由于公共和私人部門(mén)為該行業(yè)提供的融資有限，這一任務(wù)變得非常困難。前6個(gè)月，捷克的硬煤產(chǎn)量下降到3.8 Mt(-21%)，褐煤產(chǎn)量略微下降到18.8 Mt(-1%)。相比之下，進(jìn)口的硬煤增加到1.6噸(+20%)，0.6噸是焦煤。出口下降到1.5噸(下降30%)，主要由焦煤(0.8噸，下降37%)推動(dòng)。今年前兩個(gè)季度，德國(guó)剩余的三個(gè)硬煤礦產(chǎn)量為4.5噸。與前一年相比，這一數(shù)字略高，因?yàn)樾矢撸瑢?duì)采礦活動(dòng)的干擾更少。今年前6個(gè)月，德國(guó)的硬煤進(jìn)口量也增至26.7噸，而煤炭總消耗量有所下降。這表明，由于低蒸汽煤價(jià)格，許多公用事業(yè)公司補(bǔ)充了煤炭庫(kù)存。波蘭硬煤產(chǎn)量從2014年上半年的35.2噸小幅下降至2015年上半年的34.4噸，降幅為0.8%。動(dòng)力煤下降1.6%至28公噸，焦煤小幅上升至6.4公噸(+0.8%)。今年上半年，西班牙的燃煤發(fā)電量強(qiáng)勁增長(zhǎng)59%，達(dá)到22.98 TWh，而水力發(fā)電的發(fā)電量則有所下降?？偘l(fā)電量增加1%，達(dá)到127.89 TWh。燃煤電廠的良好表現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致煤炭進(jìn)口從6.2噸增加到8.8噸，其中包括無(wú)煙煤。土耳其今年上半年生產(chǎn)了20.7噸褐煤和0.7噸硬煤。今年前6個(gè)月的硬煤進(jìn)口量為14.6噸。英國(guó)前6個(gè)月的煤炭消費(fèi)量為17.5噸，是自1830年第一列蒸汽火車(chē)出現(xiàn)以來(lái)的最低水平。原因之一是英國(guó)的碳稅。自4月份以來(lái)，英國(guó)的碳稅翻了一番，達(dá)到每噸18.08英鎊。烏克蘭煤炭產(chǎn)量從22.7噸下降到19.4噸，2015年上半年進(jìn)口量達(dá)到3.3噸。丹麥今年前6個(gè)月的煤炭進(jìn)口量降至1.3噸。丹麥Fyn發(fā)電站被Fjernvarme Fyn從Vattenfall收購(gòu)，F(xiàn)jernvarme Fyn是歐登塞鎮(zhèn)的一家大股東。據(jù)估計(jì)，2015年上半年愛(ài)爾蘭的煤炭進(jìn)口量為1.2噸，其中包括煙煤、無(wú)煙煤、專利燃料和BKB。2015年前六個(gè)月的泥炭產(chǎn)量預(yù)計(jì)為1.6萬(wàn)噸。意大利今年上半年的煤炭進(jìn)口量估計(jì)在9.6噸左右，略低于2014年上半年的9.7噸。荷蘭煤炭進(jìn)口量從2014年上半年的6.1噸增加到2015年上半年的6.6噸。保加利亞褐煤產(chǎn)量同比增長(zhǎng)10%，上半年達(dá)到16.2 Mt。德國(guó)上半年褐煤產(chǎn)量為85.5噸，比2014年上半年下降3.9%。褐煤消費(fèi)量比去年同期下降了2.7%。希臘褐煤產(chǎn)量與去年同期相比下降了13%，今年上半年為22.7噸，主要原因是礦藏枯竭。新建的650兆瓦褐煤發(fā)電廠托勒馬奧斯五世(Ptolemaios V)開(kāi)工建設(shè)，計(jì)劃于2019年投入運(yùn)營(yíng)。匈牙利今年上半年生產(chǎn)了4.3噸褐煤，比去年同期減少了7%。羅馬尼亞由于天氣干燥，水電和核電受到抑制，褐煤度過(guò)了一個(gè)非常好的夏天。今年前6個(gè)月的產(chǎn)量為11.4噸，比去年同期增長(zhǎng)12%。在洪水影響了塞爾維亞的礦山之后，向塞爾維亞出口了0.5噸。

WORLD COAL MARKET DEVELOPMENTS - WORLD COAL PRODUCTION AND  SEABORNE TRADE Important events China, the world’s largest consumer of coal, ended its long period of coal demand growth, leading to a  drop both in imports and production. In January, China introduced new coal quality control rules that  led to cargo delays and stifled trade. The difficulties quickly receded, only to be followed by the  announcement of new quality rules from July and diplomatic efforts by the Australian government.Global coal production and trade  Preliminary projections for 2015 show a slight decline in global hard coal production, 7,100 Mt in  comparison with 7,200 Mt in 2014. Coal prices and trends Steam coal prices continued their decline, drawn by weaker consumption, in the range of 52-58 USD/t  at ARA (Antwerp-Rotterdam-Amsterdam) ports. Coking coal prices are depressed as well, after a flat year  in 2014. EUROPEAN COAL MARKET The coal industry in Europe is pushed on three sides: worldwide low coal prices, due to overproduction;  low electricity prices due to subsidised renewables; and regulatory pressure to modernise, a task made  difficult due to limited public and private financing for the sector. HARD COAL Czech Republic Production of hard coal dropped to 3.8 Mt (-21%) in the first six months, while lignite slightly decreased  to 18.8 Mt (-1%). In contrast, imports of hard coal increased to 1.6 Mt (+20%), 0.6 Mt being coking coal.  Exports dropped to 1.5 Mt (-30%), mainly driven by coking coal (0.8Mt, -37%). Germany In the first two quarters of this year the three remaining hard coal mines produced 4.5 Mt. Compared to  the prior year period this was slightly higher due to higher efficiency and less disturbances to mining  activities. German hard coal imports also increased to 26.7 Mt in the first six months, while overall coal  consumption decreased. This indicates that many utilities refilled their coal stocks because of low steam  coal prices. Poland Hard coal production in Poland slightly decreased by 0.8% from 35.2 Mt in first half of 2014 to 34.4 Mt in first half of 2015. Steam coal decreased by 1.6% to 28 Mt, while coking coal slightly increased to 6.4 Mt  (+0.8%). Spain Spain had a strong coal-fired generation increase of 59%, to 22.98 TWh, in the first half of the year, at  the expense of hydro generation. Total generation increased by 1%, to 127.89 TWh. The good coal-fired  power plants performance led to a rise from 6.2 Mt to 8.8 Mt of coal imports, including anthracite. Turkey Turkey produced 20.7 Mt of lignite and 0.7 Mt of hard coal in the first half of the year. Hard coal imports  in the first six months of the year were 14.6 Mt. United Kingdom Coal consumption of 17.5 Mt in the first six months in the UK is the lowest since 1830 when the first  steam trains appeared. A cause was the UK carbon tax, which has doubled since April to 18.08 GBP per  tonne. Ukraine Ukrainian coal production declined from 22.7 Mt to 19.4 Mt, while imports reached 3.3 Mt in the first  half of 2015. Denmark  Danish coal imports declined to 1.3 Mt in the first six months of the year. Danish Fyn power station was acquired by Fjernvarme Fyn, a company majority owned by the town of  Odense, from Vattenfall.Ireland  An estimate of coal imports for the first six months of 2015 in Ireland is 1.2 Mt. This includes bituminous  coal, anthracite, patent fuel and BKB. The estimate for peat production is 1.6 Mt for the first six months  of 2015.Italy Estimated coal imports in Italy in the first half of the year are around 9.6 Mt, slightly lower than the 9.7 Mt  in the first half of 2014. Netherlands Coal imports to the Netherlands increased from 6.1 Mt in H1 2014 to 6.6 Mt in H1 2015. LIGNITE Bulgaria Bulgarian lignite production increased by 10%, to 16.2 Mt in the first half of the year in comparison with  the same period last year.Germany Lignite production in the first half of the year was 85.5 Mt, 3.9% below H1 2014. Lignite consumption  was 2.7% lower than the same period last year. Greece Greek lignite production decreased by 13%, to 22.7 Mt in the first half of the year in comparison with  the same period last year, mainly due to exhausting deposits. The construction of the new 650 MW  lignite power plant Ptolemaios V started and is planned to be operational in 2019. Hungary Hungary produced 4.3 Mt of lignite in the first six months of the year, 7% less than the same period last  year. Romania Due to dry weather, which stifled hydro and nuclear generation, lignite had a very good summer. In the  first six months of the year, 11.4 Mt were produced, 12% more than the same period last year. 0.5 Mt  were exported to Serbia, following the floods that affected the Serbian mines.