世界煤炭市場(chǎng)發(fā)展西北歐洲的煤炭?jī)r(jià)格一直低于100美元/ t,使進(jìn)口煤炭競(jìng)爭(zhēng)非常激烈的市場(chǎng)上,這當(dāng)然是一個(gè)好消息對(duì)煤炭燃燒一般但壞消息對(duì)于歐盟本土煤炭生產(chǎn)商不得不與這些低價(jià)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。就連美國(guó)和澳大利亞的企業(yè)也難以維持如此低的產(chǎn)量。海運(yùn)費(fèi)率也極低，使托運(yùn)人難以生存。在某些時(shí)候，理查茲灣的運(yùn)煤比阿拉港的運(yùn)煤貴。盡管RB-ARA路線已經(jīng)變得不那么重要了(南非現(xiàn)在將煤炭運(yùn)往東部，很少運(yùn)往歐洲)，價(jià)格仍然是一個(gè)重要的指標(biāo)。分析人士預(yù)計(jì)，煤炭?jī)r(jià)格將在未來(lái)幾年回升，但他們的樂(lè)觀可能是錯(cuò)誤的。關(guān)于全球煤炭市場(chǎng)的世界煤炭生產(chǎn)和海運(yùn)貿(mào)易的一般數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)有了，詳細(xì)情況將隨后公布。全球硬煤產(chǎn)量預(yù)計(jì)將超過(guò)70億噸，總計(jì)約72億噸，其中澳大利亞的產(chǎn)量將大幅增加，這不是真正的增長(zhǎng)，而是2011年洪災(zāi)后的復(fù)蘇。中國(guó)以及印度尼西亞、哥倫比亞、俄羅斯和南非的產(chǎn)量預(yù)計(jì)也將增加3.8%左右。歐洲煤炭市場(chǎng)歐盟2012年煤炭產(chǎn)量幾乎保持不變,而褐煤產(chǎn)業(yè)享有超過(guò)8噸產(chǎn)量增加以及硬煤炭進(jìn)口增加了12噸。數(shù)據(jù)顯示,這對(duì)所有在歐盟,歐盟采取措施限制煤炭消費(fèi)消費(fèi)上升了19噸。無(wú)煙煤波蘭產(chǎn)生約90%的電力來(lái)自煤和褐煤和整體經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)不是太壞。2012年，原煤產(chǎn)量78.1萬(wàn)噸，動(dòng)力煤產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)2.8%，焦煤產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)4.1%。德國(guó)2012年的硬煤產(chǎn)量為11.6噸，對(duì)發(fā)電廠的銷(xiāo)量約為980萬(wàn)噸。政府繼續(xù)實(shí)施其主要的電力市場(chǎng)改革，減少煤炭燃燒。然而，由于天然氣價(jià)格過(guò)高，2012年燃煤發(fā)電增長(zhǎng)了40%，而歐盟碳排放交易體系的碳價(jià)格對(duì)煤炭競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的影響微乎其微。在西班牙，政府在2012年削減了對(duì)煤炭行業(yè)63%的援助。2011年，援助資金為3.01億歐元，2012年削減至1.11億歐元。2012年，捷克的硬煤產(chǎn)量略有增加，達(dá)到11.4噸。奧地利的煤炭消費(fèi)量略有下降，降至3.2噸，其中約一半供應(yīng)給三家燃煤電廠，一家為EVN所有，另一半供應(yīng)給鋼廠。煤炭主要從波蘭、捷克共和國(guó)和俄羅斯進(jìn)口。德國(guó)褐煤在2012年表現(xiàn)較好。總產(chǎn)出185.4噸，其中166噸供應(yīng)給了發(fā)電廠，產(chǎn)生了158太瓦時(shí)的電力，包括來(lái)自科隆附近的博阿2號(hào)和3號(hào)以及Cottbus附近的Boxberg R號(hào)的新機(jī)組。為了從歐盟獲得更多的財(cái)政支持，工資被削減了近50%，養(yǎng)老金被削減了。波蘭褐煤仍有利可圖:生產(chǎn)增加了3% Be?chatow是最成功的。在捷克共和國(guó)褐煤產(chǎn)量達(dá)到43.5公噸。積極的信息來(lái)自捷克工業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化Prune?ov電廠由?EZ操作。5個(gè)210兆瓦的發(fā)電機(jī)組將被3個(gè)250兆瓦的發(fā)電機(jī)組取代。保加利亞2012年的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)依然疲軟，但預(yù)計(jì)2013 - 2014年將略有復(fù)蘇。2012年3月，保加利亞政府決定放棄在貝倫新建一座核電站(NPP)的計(jì)劃，轉(zhuǎn)而在Kozludy新建一座反應(yīng)堆。匈牙利的褐煤產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定在9.2噸，預(yù)計(jì)耗電量下降1.3%，進(jìn)口量保持穩(wěn)定。在斯洛伐克，今后五年的新能源政策仍在制定中。簡(jiǎn)易爆炸裝置和排放交易系統(tǒng)的換位工作已接近完成，一項(xiàng)新的空氣保護(hù)法案和一項(xiàng)新的排放交易法案已經(jīng)到位。在斯洛文尼亞新電廠600 MW?o?tanj (TE?單元6),在建?alek山谷附近Velenje部分資金由歐洲投資銀行(EIB)的貸款和歐洲復(fù)興開(kāi)發(fā)銀行(EBRD)分別- 4.4億和€€2億。

WORLD COAL MARKET DEVELOPMENTS Coal prices to NW Europe have stayed mostly below 100 US$/t, making imported  coal very competitive on the market, which is of course good news for coal burn in  general but bad news for indigenous EU coal producers which have had to  compete with these low prices. Even US and Australian companies had difficulties  maintaining production at such low prices. Sea freight rates remained extremely low  as well, making it difficult for shippers to survive. At certain times, loaded coal at  Richards Bay was more expensive than delivered coal at ARA ports. Even though the  RB-ARA route has become less significant (South Africa now ships its coal East and  rarely to Europe), the price remains an important indicator. Analysts expect a  recovery of the coal price in the years to come, but their optimism may be  misplaced. WORLD COAL PRODUCTION AND SEABORNE TRADE General data on the global world coal market are already available, details will  follow later. Global hard coal production is expected to exceed 7 bn t, totalling  some 7.2 bn t with a significant production increase from Australia, which is not a real  increase but a recovery from the floods in 2011. China as well is expected to have  increased production by some 3.8%, as well as Indonesia, Colombia, Russia and  South Africa who increased output. EUROPEAN COAL MARKET EU hard coal production in 2012 stayed practically the same, whilst the lignite  industry enjoyed an increase in output of more than 8 Mt as well as hard coal imports  which increased by 12 Mt.  Figures show, that against all EU measures to limit coal consumption in the EU,  consumption went up by 19 Mt. HARD COAL Poland produces some 90% of its electricity from coal and lignite and the overall  economic situation is not too bad. Hard coal output in 2012 reached 78.1 Mt, steam  coal output increased by 2.8% and coking coal output by 4.1%. German hard coal production in 2012 totalled 11.6 Mt, with sales to power plants of  some 9.8 Mt.The United Kingdom did not see its economy recover, neither in 2011 nor in 2012. The  government continues to implement its major electricity market reforms,  compromising coal burn. Nevertheless, due to very high gas prices, electricity  generation from coal increased by 40% in 2012 and the EU ETS carbon price had only  little impact on coal’s competitiveness. In Spain the government had cut aid to the coal industry in 2012 by 63%. In 2011, aid  was €301 million and in 2012 this was cut to €111 million. In the Czech Republic hard coal output slightly increased in 2012 to reach 11.4 Mt. In Austria coal consumption slightly fell to 3.2 Mt of which around half is delivered to  the three coal-fired power plants, one owned by EVN, and the other half to steel  mills. Coal is imported mainly from Poland, the Czech Republic and Russia. LIGNITE In Germany lignite did rather well in 2012. Output totalled 185.4 Mt of which some  166 Mt was supplied to power plants, generating 158 TWh of electricity, including  from new units at BoA 2 and 3 near Cologne and Boxberg R near Cottbus. 2012 was another hard year for Greece, and 2013 could be even worse. Salaries  were cut by almost 50%, pensions were decreased, as required to obtain further  financial support from the EU. Poland Lignite has remained profitable: production increased by 3% with Be?chatw  being the most successful mine. In the Czech Republic lignite production reached 43.5 Mt. A positive message from  the Czech industry is the modernisation of Prun?ov power plant operated by ?EZ.  Five blocks of 210 MW will be replaced by three blocks of 250 MW. In Bulgaria economic activity remained weak in 2012, but is expected to recover  slightly in 2013/14. In March 2012, the Bulgarian government decided to abandon its  plan to build a new nuclear power plant (NPP) at Belen and will build an additional  reactor at NPP Kozludy instead. Lignite production in Hungary stayed stable at 9.2 Mt. Estimated power consumption  fell by 1.3% and imports stayed stable. In Slovakia the new Energy Policy for the next five years is still under development.  Transposition of the IED and ETS is nearly finished, with a new air protection act and a  new emissions trading act already in place. In Slovenia the new 600 MW ?o?tanj power plant (TE? Unit 6), under construction in  the ?alek valley near Velenje is partly financed by loans from the European  Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development  (EBRD) – €440 million and €200 million respectively.