1. In 2012, the iaea continued to play an important role.In accordance with its statutory mandate to "accelerate and expand the contribution of atomic energy to world peace, health and prosperity", iaea has focused on the following: development and transfer of peaceful nuclear technology to member states;Promote the strengthening of the global nuclear security framework and the security of nuclear materials and facilities;And preventing the spread of nuclear weapons.This review looks at the state of the "nuclear world" in 2012 from the perspective of the iaea.Nuclear technologyNuclear powerStatus and trends2. By the end of 2012, there were 437 nuclear-powered reactors in operation worldwide, with a total capacity of 372.1 gigawatts (gw), an increase of 1% over the beginning of the year.Only three reactors have been shut down permanently.By contrast, 13 were shut down permanently in 2011 (12 of them after the fukushima daiichi accident).3. At the end of 2012, there were 67 new reactors under construction worldwide.There are three new grid-connected reactors: China's ningde 1 and the republic of Korea's shinyuecun 1 and shinguri 2.In addition, two idle units in Canada, namely Bruce 1 and 2, were reconnected to the grid.In 2012, construction began on seven reactors: unit 4 of fuqing, unit 1 of shidaowan, unit 3 of tianwan and unit 4 of yangjiang.Unit 1, shinweizhen, republic of Korea;Baltisk 1, Russian federation;And the united Arab emirates (uae) baraka 1 aircrew.4. The impact of the fukushima daiichi accident was still felt in 2012, which slowed the expansion of nuclear power.But the agency's projections suggest a significant increase in the use of nuclear energy worldwide, between 23 per cent and 100 per cent by 2030, although the agency's 2030 forecast is down from as much as 9 per cent in 2011.Installed capacity is currently projected to grow to 456 gw (electricity) as the agency's low forecast and 740 gw (electricity) as the high forecast by 2030.Growth remains concentrated in Asia (47 of the 67 reactors under construction are in Asia) and in countries that already have nuclear plants in operation.Rio +20 and the extension of the Kyoto protocol5. In June, the United Nations conference on sustainable development (also known as Rio +20) was held in Rio DE janeiro, Brazil, to review progress in sustainable development.The Rio +20 outcome document "the future we want" addresses a number of priority issues, including providing access to clean energy for all and ensuring that the energy produced does not contribute to climate change.The presentation on nuclear energy highlights low-carbon energy because it minimizes greenhouse gas emissions from energy production and mitigated the negative impact of climate disruption on development.6. The 18th meeting of the conference of the parties to the United Nations framework convention on climate change and the eighth meeting of the conference of the parties to the Kyoto protocol were held in doha, Qatar, in November and December.The parties to the Kyoto protocol agreed on a second commitment period from 2013 to 2020.Without that commitment, there would be no international agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions, and nuclear power's low emissions would have little economic value.Provide support to existing nuclear power projects7. Global attention continues to be focused on the long-term operation of existing nuclear power plants.Thus, the trend to increase the capacity of these plants and to renew or extend in-service reactor licenses continues in many countries.France's nuclear safety authority, for example, granted a 10-year extension of the operating license for unit 2 of the pythermonuclear power plant.In the UK, the nuclear decommissioning authority has been granted permission to continue operating unit 1 of the wirfa nuclear power plant until September 2014 by transferring some of the spent fuel from unit 2.In the United States, the nuclear regulatory commission approved six requests for increased capacity.8. Under the auspices of the United States department of energy and the nuclear regulatory commission, iaea organized the third international conference on life management of nuclear power plants in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, in May.Participants discussed ways to safely and cost-effectively extend the life of nuclear plants operating in the fukushima afterworld.9. At the second meeting of the nuclear operators cooperation forum, an initiative launched by iaea in 2011, in September, participants Shared operational experience and management strategies to help enhance the effectiveness of the nuclear operators.Commencement of nuclear programme10. Countries with growing energy needs continue to retain nuclear power as an important option for increasing generation.Important steps taken by countries planning to introduce nuclear power include the united Arab emirates, which became the first country in 27 years to begin building its first nuclear power plant.After obtaining a construction permit from the federal nuclear regulatory agency, the united Arab emirates nuclear corporation poured the first concrete tank of the baraka 1 unit.The unit is scheduled to be operational in 2017, while the other three are scheduled to be operational by 2020.11. Several other countries also took steps to build their first nuclear power plants in 2012.In June, belarus received a visit from the iaea working group on the "comprehensive nuclear infrastructure review".In July, belarus signed a general contract for the supply of two water-hydrodynamic reactor units from the Russian federation.Turkey is also pushing ahead with its own plans: after signing a contract in 2010 to build four water-hydro-power reactor 1,200 units at the akuyu site, it announced plans to build a second plant at sinop.Others have confirmed their intention to proceed with national nuclear power plans;These countries have been building infrastructure and are considering possible contractual arrangements.Other member states are actively preparing plans for nuclear power, but have yet to make a final decision.12. Two other "comprehensive nuclear infrastructure review" working group visits were made to Jordan and Viet nam in 2012.The January visit to Jordan by the iucr working group was a follow-up visit to review the country's plans in response to recommendations made during the first iucr working group visit in 2009.The working group noted that progress had been made since 2009, particularly in activities related to nuclear power plant projects.In December, the working group on the comprehensive nuclear infrastructure review visited Viet nam.The working group found that the plan to promote the introduction of nuclear power was strongly supported by the government and confirmed the progress made, including preparations for the construction of the ningshun nuclear power plant.

1. 2012年，國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)繼續(xù)發(fā)揮重要作用。按照其“加速和擴(kuò)大原子能對全世 界和平、健康和繁榮的貢獻(xiàn)”的法定任務(wù)，原子能機(jī)構(gòu)重點(diǎn)做了以下工作：發(fā)展并向 成員國轉(zhuǎn)讓和平用途核技術(shù)；促進(jìn)加強(qiáng)全球核安全框架和加強(qiáng)核材料和核設(shè)施安保； 以及防止核武器擴(kuò)散。本綜述從原子能機(jī)構(gòu)的角度審視了 2012年“核世界”的狀況。

核技術(shù)

核電

狀況和趨勢

2. 截至2012年底，全世界共有437座在運(yùn)核動(dòng)力堆，總?cè)萘窟_(dá)到372.1吉瓦 （電），比年初時(shí)增加了 1%。只有三座反應(yīng)堆被永久關(guān)閉。與之形成對比的是2011年 有13座被永久關(guān)閉（其中12座是在福島第一核電站事故后被關(guān)閉的）。

3. 截至2012年底，全世界共有67座在建新反應(yīng)堆。有三座新并網(wǎng)發(fā)電的反應(yīng)堆， 它們是：中國寧德1號機(jī)組和大韓民國新月城1號機(jī)組和新古里2號機(jī)組。另外，加 拿大有兩個(gè)閑置機(jī)組即布魯斯1號和2號機(jī)組重新并網(wǎng)。2012年開工建設(shè)的反應(yīng)堆有 七座，它們是：中國福清4號機(jī)組、石島灣1號機(jī)組、田灣3號機(jī)組和陽江4號機(jī) 組；大韓民國新蔚珍1號機(jī)組；俄羅斯聯(lián)邦巴爾提斯克1號機(jī)組；以及阿拉伯聯(lián)合酋 長國（阿聯(lián)酋）巴拉卡1號機(jī)組。

4. 2012年仍然可以感受到福島第一核電站事故的影響，并因此放緩了核電的擴(kuò)展速 度。但原子能機(jī)構(gòu)的預(yù)測表明，世界范圍內(nèi)的核能利用將顯著增長，在2030年之前的 增長幅度介于23%至100%之間，盡管原子能機(jī)構(gòu)對2030年的預(yù)測低于2011年時(shí)所作 預(yù)測的幅度高達(dá)9%。目前預(yù)計(jì)裝機(jī)容量到2030年將增長到原子能機(jī)構(gòu)低值預(yù)測的 456吉瓦（電）和高值預(yù)測的740吉瓦（電）。增長仍集中在亞洲（67座在建反應(yīng)堆中 有47座位于亞洲）并在已擁有在運(yùn)核電廠的國家。

“里約+20”和延長“京都議定書”

5. 6月，在巴西里約熱內(nèi)盧舉行了聯(lián)合國可持續(xù)發(fā)展大會（亦稱“里約+20”），審查 了在可持續(xù)發(fā)展方面所取得的進(jìn)展。“里約+20”成果文件“我們希望的未來”闡述了 若干優(yōu)先議題，包括提供人人享有清潔能源的機(jī)會和確保所生產(chǎn)的能源不加劇氣候變 化。關(guān)于核能的專題介紹強(qiáng)調(diào)了低碳能源，因?yàn)樗茏畲蟪潭葴p少能源生產(chǎn)中排放的 溫室氣體，并能減輕氣候混亂對發(fā)展的負(fù)面影響。

6. 11月至12月在卡塔爾多哈舉行了《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》締約方大會第十八 次會議，同時(shí)舉行了 “京都議定書”締約方大會第八次會議。“京都議定書”締約方商 定了 2013年至2020年的第二個(gè)承諾期。如果沒有這一承諾，全球就會沒有限制溫室 氣體排放的國際協(xié)定，核電很低的排放也就只有較小的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。

向現(xiàn)有核電計(jì)劃提供支助

7. 全球繼續(xù)關(guān)注現(xiàn)有核電廠的長期運(yùn)行。因此，提高這些電廠出力以及更新或延長 在運(yùn)反應(yīng)堆許可證的趨勢在許多國家仍在繼續(xù)。例如，法國核安全管理局批準(zhǔn)比熱核 電廠2號機(jī)組運(yùn)行許可證展期10年。在英國，核退役管理局獲準(zhǔn)通過從2號機(jī)組轉(zhuǎn)移 部分乏燃料的方式繼續(xù)運(yùn)行威爾法核電廠1號機(jī)組到2014年9月。在美國，核管理委 員會批準(zhǔn)了六項(xiàng)提高出力申請。

8. 在美國能源部和核管會贊助下，原子能機(jī)構(gòu)于5月在美國猶他州鹽湖城組織了第 三次核電廠壽期管理國際會議。與會者討論了安全和成本高效地延長處在“福島后世 界”的在運(yùn)核電廠壽期的途徑。

9. 9月，在原子能機(jī)構(gòu)2011年發(fā)起的一項(xiàng)倡議即“核營運(yùn)組織合作論壇”第二次會 議上，與會者共享了運(yùn)行經(jīng)驗(yàn)和管理戰(zhàn)略，以幫助加強(qiáng)核營運(yùn)組織的效能。

啟動(dòng)核電計(jì)劃

10. 能源需求日益增長的國家繼續(xù)保留核電作為增加發(fā)電量的一個(gè)重要選擇。計(jì)劃引 進(jìn)核電的國家所采取的重要步驟包括阿聯(lián)酋所采取的步驟，該國成為27年中首個(gè)開始 建造首座核電廠的國家。在獲得聯(lián)邦核監(jiān)管局的建造許可證之后，阿聯(lián)酋核能公司澆 筑了巴拉卡1號機(jī)組的第一罐混凝土。該機(jī)組預(yù)定于2017年投入運(yùn)行，而另外三個(gè)機(jī) 組則計(jì)劃于2020年前投入運(yùn)行。

11. 另外幾個(gè)國家也在2012年采取了建設(shè)各自首座核電廠的步驟。6月，白俄羅斯接 待了原子能機(jī)構(gòu)“綜合核基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)評審”工作組訪問。7月，白俄羅斯簽署了關(guān)于由俄 羅斯聯(lián)邦供應(yīng)兩個(gè)水-水動(dòng)力堆機(jī)組的總合同。土耳其也在推進(jìn)自己的計(jì)劃：在2010 年簽署在阿庫尤場址建造四臺水-水動(dòng)力堆1200機(jī)組的合同后，該國宣布了在錫諾普 建造第二座核電廠的計(jì)劃。其他國家則確認(rèn)有意著手制訂國家核電計(jì)劃；這些國家一 直在建立基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，并正考慮可能的合同安排。另外一些成員國正在積極為核電計(jì)劃 做準(zhǔn)備，但還沒有做出最后決定。

12. 2012年分別對約旦和越南進(jìn)行了另外兩次“綜合核基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)評審”工作組訪問。1 月對約旦的“綜合核基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)評審”工作組訪問是為響應(yīng)2009年第一次“綜合核基礎(chǔ) 結(jié)構(gòu)評審”工作組訪問時(shí)提出的建議而進(jìn)行的旨在審查該國計(jì)劃的一次后續(xù)訪問。工 作組指出，自2009年以來已取得了進(jìn)展，特別是在核電廠項(xiàng)目相關(guān)活動(dòng)方面。12月進(jìn) 行了對越南的“綜合核基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)評審”工作組訪問。工作組發(fā)現(xiàn)促進(jìn)引進(jìn)核電的計(jì)劃 得到了政府大力支持，并確認(rèn)了所取得的進(jìn)展，包括為寧順核電廠建設(shè)所進(jìn)行的籌備 工作。