Review of the year: major issues and challengesThe iaea continued to play an important role in 2001 along the three pillars of its mission - technology, safety and verification.especiallyThis is because, through the transfer of nuclear science and technology, it has promoted sustainable development, made an important contribution to global nuclear security and gone nuclearThe cornerstone of non-proliferation.The agency's programme of activities focuses on achieving the development and transfer of peaceful nuclear technology and the establishment and maintenance of global nuclear securityThe whole regime, as well as preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons and strengthening the security of nuclear materials and facilities. This chapter presents the state of the nuclear world in 2001 from an institutional perspective and Outlines its main activities and achievements.technologySustainable developmentIn 2001, as in the past, different views on nuclear power were expressed.At the 9th meeting of the commission on sustainable development in April(csd-9), the parties agreed to retain differences of opinion on the role of nuclear energy in sustainable development.Finally, the text identifies a number of statesScientists see nuclear power as an important promoter of sustainable development, while others see the two as fundamentally inconsistent.However,Finally, the parties agreed that "the choice of nuclear energy is up to each country".The conference of the parties to the United Nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) agreed in November to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissionsThe rules for implementing the 1997 Kyoto protocol (known as the Marrakesh agreement) were agreed.As far as nuclear power is concerned, nothingThe three flexible mechanisms for excluding nuclear programmes from the benefits of GHG avoidance provided by states under the Kyoto protocol are known as the "Marrakesh agreement"Two of them - the clean development mechanism and joint implementation (the third is emissions trading) - are out of the way, but this step is for nuclear actionIt is still important that the force to avoid GHG emissions has real economic value.As the specialized agency for science and technology at the heart of the UN system, the agency has always been an effective instrument in the continuous processes of the CSD and UNFCCCInterest and resources.For example, the agency contributed to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC), among other thingsIn particular, it was concluded that nuclear power plants had the greatest potential for GHG mitigation in the energy sector.Agencies have also been involved in booking 2002The preparatory process for the world summit on sustainable development (WSSD) in Johannesburg in August 2002.Nuclear science and technology in areas such as agriculture,Food security, public health, industrial technology, electricity production, and the development and management of water resources are driving agenda 21Progress agreed at the 1992 United Nations conference on environment and development (Rio earth summit) (information box 1).Nuclear power worldwideNuclear power continues to be an important part of the energy mix of many countries.By the end of 2001, there were a total of nuclear power plants in operation438, equivalent to a total capacity of 353 GW (electricity), have accumulated operating experience of more than 10,000 reactor years, accounting for about 16 per cent of global electricity generation.thisTwo new plants came on stream in a year.Although nuclear power is mainly provided by the industrialized countries, 32 new power plants are under constructionOf these, 31 are in Asia or in central and eastern Europe.In the case of existing nuclear power plants, the most obvious recent trends are through improved operational practices, engineering support, strategic management, and fuel supplyThe disposal of spent fuel has steadily increased the availability factor.These improvements reduce power generation costs and improve safety.Cumulative effectThe increase in availability during the 1990s was equivalent to building 28 new nuclear plants, each with a capacity of 1, 000mwFactory.Among the countries where 2001 operational data are available are Argentina, Brazil, the Czech republic, Germany, India, the republic of Korea and SpainJamaica, the Russian federation, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United States have all increased their nuclear power production to record levels.

回顧這一年：主要問題和挑戰(zhàn) 國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)在2001年繼續(xù)按照其使命中的三大支柱——技術(shù)、安全及核查發(fā)揮重要作用。尤 其是，它通過核科學(xué)和技術(shù)的轉(zhuǎn)讓促進(jìn)了可持續(xù)發(fā)展、為全球核安全作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)，而且起到了核 不擴(kuò)散的奠基石作用。機(jī)構(gòu)的活動(dòng)計(jì)劃注重于：實(shí)現(xiàn)和平核技術(shù)的開發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)讓、建立和維護(hù)全球核安 全體制，以及防止核武器擴(kuò)散和加強(qiáng)核材料與核設(shè)施的保安。 這一章從機(jī)構(gòu)的角度介紹2001年“核世界”現(xiàn)狀，并概述其主要活動(dòng)和成就。 技 術(shù) 可持續(xù)發(fā)展 2001年內(nèi)，和過去一樣對(duì)核動(dòng)力表達(dá)了各種不同的看法。4月份，在可持續(xù)發(fā)展委員會(huì)第9次會(huì)議 （CSD-9）上，有關(guān)各方同意保留有關(guān)核能在可持續(xù)發(fā)展方面作用的意見分歧。最后文本指出一些國(guó) 家認(rèn)為核能是可持續(xù)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要促進(jìn)者，而另一些國(guó)家則認(rèn)為這兩者之間基本上是不一致的。然 而，有關(guān)各方終于達(dá)成如下一致意見，即“對(duì)核能的選擇由各國(guó)自行決定”。 《聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約》（UNFCCC）締約方會(huì)議于11月份就有關(guān)限制溫室氣體（GHG）排 放的《1997年京都議定書》的實(shí)施規(guī)則（被稱為“Marrakesh協(xié)議”）達(dá)成一致意見。就核能而言，盡 管“Marrakesh協(xié)議”將核方案排除在《京都議定書》所載由國(guó)家提供避免GHG的收益三項(xiàng)靈活機(jī)制 中的兩項(xiàng)——清潔發(fā)展機(jī)制和聯(lián)合實(shí)施（第三項(xiàng)機(jī)制是排放量貿(mào)易）——之外，但這一步驟對(duì)于核動(dòng) 力避免GHG排放具有實(shí)際經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值仍是十分重要的。 機(jī)構(gòu)作為UN系統(tǒng)內(nèi)核科學(xué)和技術(shù)的專門機(jī)構(gòu)，在CSD和UNFCCC連續(xù)進(jìn)程中始終是一個(gè)有效的信 息資源。例如，機(jī)構(gòu)為政府間氣候變化小組（IPCC）第三份評(píng)定報(bào)告作出了貢獻(xiàn)，該報(bào)告除其他事項(xiàng) 外尤其得出這樣的結(jié)論，即核動(dòng)力廠在能源部門緩解GHG方面潛力最大。機(jī)構(gòu)也一直在參與預(yù)定2002 年8月在約翰內(nèi)斯堡舉行的“可持續(xù)發(fā)展世界峰會(huì)”（WSSD）籌備過程。核科學(xué)和技術(shù)在諸如農(nóng)業(yè)、 食品安全、公共衛(wèi)生、工業(yè)技術(shù)、電力生產(chǎn)以及水資源開發(fā)和管理等領(lǐng)域大大推動(dòng)了21世紀(jì)議程—— 在1992年聯(lián)合國(guó)環(huán)境和發(fā)展大會(huì)（里約地球峰會(huì)）上議定的——方面的進(jìn)展（資料框1）。 世界范圍的核動(dòng)力 核動(dòng)力繼續(xù)是許多國(guó)家能源組合中的一個(gè)重要部分。到2001年年底，正在運(yùn)行的核動(dòng)力廠共有 438座，相當(dāng)于353 GW（電）的總?cè)萘?，累積運(yùn)行經(jīng)驗(yàn)已超過10 000堆年，占全球發(fā)電量約16％。這 一年間有2座新電廠投產(chǎn)。盡管核動(dòng)力主要是由各個(gè)工業(yè)化國(guó)家提供的，但是目前在建的32個(gè)新電廠 中有31個(gè)分布在亞洲或在中歐和東歐地區(qū)。 就現(xiàn)有核動(dòng)力廠來說，近來最明顯的趨勢(shì)是：通過改進(jìn)運(yùn)行實(shí)踐、工程支持、戰(zhàn)略管理、燃料供 應(yīng)和乏燃料處置使可利用因子有了穩(wěn)步提高。這些改進(jìn)減少了發(fā)電成本并提高了安全性。其累積影響 是很明顯的——在90年代期間，增加的可利用率其數(shù)量相當(dāng)于建造28個(gè)各為1000 MW（電）的新核電 廠。在可獲得2001年運(yùn)行數(shù)據(jù)的國(guó)家中，阿根廷、巴西、捷克共和國(guó)、德國(guó)、印度、大韓民國(guó)、西班 牙、俄羅斯聯(lián)邦、瑞士、烏克蘭和美國(guó)都增加了各自的核電生產(chǎn)并達(dá)到創(chuàng)記錄水平。