The nuclear world in 2002The introductionSince its establishment 45 years ago, the iaea has been a focal point for promoting worldwide cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear technology, enhancing global nuclear security and ensuring compliance with international commitments to nuclear facilities and materials for peaceful purposes only through verification activities.The following is an overview of nuclear-related developments worldwide in 2002 and how they affect the work of the iaea.technologyNuclear technology for sustainable developmentThe world summit on sustainable development, held in Johannesburg in August and September, reviewed the progress made since the United Nations conference on environment and development, held in Rio DE janeiro in 1992, and renewed global commitment to sustainable development.Both the Johannesburg plan of implementation and the Johannesburg declaration on sustainable development stressed the importance of energy as an essential prerequisite for social and economic development, in stark contrast to the lack of an energy chapter in the Rio plan of action, agenda 21.In its preparations for the world summit on sustainable development, the secretariat highlighted the relevance of iaea's work on nuclear applications and its activities for sustainable development.The secretariat organized chapters on "nuclear applications and capacity-building for sustainable development" and "integrated coastal area management - issues, technologies and partnerships" at the preparatory committee meetings, and a meeting on "environmentally sound pest management" at the world summit on sustainable development.The main mechanism for promoting concrete action to achieve the goals of agenda 21 at the world summit for sustainable development is the strengthening of new partnerships among governments, industry, ngos and international organizations.Johannesburg conference announced more than 250 known as "two kind of partnership", including four partnership led by atomic energy agency (iaea), the "sustainable energy development index", "design national sustainable energy development situation", "isotope technology for sustainable water resources management and the coastal zone management" and "nuclear technology and nuclear technology to monitor and manage the benguela harmful algae" coastal areas.These partners involve a number of countries, academic institutions, international associations and organizations of the United Nations system.Nuclear knowledge management and preservationRecent trends have drawn attention to the need for better management of nuclear knowledge.One challenge is to ensure access to qualified people to inherit and even develop current levels of nuclear technology use.One concern is that valuable knowledge accumulated over the past few decades is at risk of being lost as the workforce ages.A number of national and international initiatives are under way to reverse these trends.An encouraging development in the United States, for example, is the third consecutive year of growth in the number of students enrolling in undergraduate nuclear-engineering programs.After the number of university students dropped from 1,500 in 1992 to about 450 in 1999, enrolment rose to 1,000 in 2002.South Carolina state university and the university of south Carolina also announced that they will adopt new graduate and undergraduate nuclear engineering programs.The plans would be the first of their kind in the U.S. in more than two decades.

2002年的核世界

導(dǎo)言

國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)成立45年來為促進(jìn)核技術(shù)和平利用世界范圍的合作、提高全球核安全和通 過核查活動(dòng)確保核設(shè)施和核材料僅用于和平目的的國際承諾得到遵守始終發(fā)揮著協(xié)調(diào)中心的作 用。以下概述2002年世界范圍與核有關(guān)的發(fā)展以及這些發(fā)展如何影響原子能機(jī)構(gòu)工作的情況。

技術(shù)

促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的核技術(shù)

“可持續(xù)發(fā)展問題世界首腦會(huì)議”于8月和9月在約翰內(nèi)斯堡召開，會(huì)議審議了自1992年在 里約熱內(nèi)盧召開的“聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展會(huì)議”以來所取得的進(jìn)展，并再次激勵(lì)全球?qū)沙掷m(xù)發(fā) 展作出承諾。“約翰內(nèi)斯堡執(zhí)行計(jì)劃”和《約翰內(nèi)斯堡可持續(xù)發(fā)展宣言》均強(qiáng)調(diào)了能源作為社 會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展一個(gè)必不可少的先決條件的重要性，與里約會(huì)議行動(dòng)計(jì)劃《21世紀(jì)議程》中缺少能 源章節(jié)形成鮮明對(duì)照。

秘書處在“可持續(xù)發(fā)展問題世界首腦會(huì)議”的準(zhǔn)備工作中突出強(qiáng)調(diào)了原子能機(jī)構(gòu)的核應(yīng)用 工作及其促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展活動(dòng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。秘書處在籌備委員會(huì)會(huì)議上組織了“促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā) 展的核應(yīng)用和能力建設(shè)”和“沿海地區(qū)綜合管理一一問題、技術(shù)和伙伴關(guān)系”分會(huì)，并在“可 持續(xù)發(fā)展問題世界首腦會(huì)議”上組織了 “無害環(huán)境的蟲害治理”會(huì)議。

在“可持續(xù)發(fā)展問題世界首腦會(huì)議”上促進(jìn)實(shí)現(xiàn)《21世紀(jì)議程》目標(biāo)的具體行動(dòng)的主要機(jī) 制是加強(qiáng)各國政府、業(yè)界、非政府組織和國際組織之間的新伙伴關(guān)系。約翰內(nèi)斯堡會(huì)議宣布了 250多個(gè)通稱為“2類伙伴關(guān)系”，其中包括由原子能機(jī)構(gòu)牽頭的4個(gè)伙伴關(guān)系，即“可持續(xù)能源 發(fā)展指標(biāo)”、“設(shè)計(jì)國家可持續(xù)能源發(fā)展概況”、“同位素技術(shù)用于可持續(xù)水資源管理和沿海 地區(qū)管理”以及“核技術(shù)和非核技術(shù)用于監(jiān)測(cè)和管理本格拉沿海地區(qū)有害藻類”。這些伙伴關(guān) 系涉及若干國家、學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)、國際協(xié)會(huì)和聯(lián)合國系統(tǒng)的組織。

核知識(shí)管理和保存

最近出現(xiàn)的一些趨勢(shì)提請(qǐng)注意需要更好地管理核知識(shí)。一項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)是確保能夠獲得繼承乃至 發(fā)展目前核技術(shù)利用水平的合格人才。其中的一個(gè)關(guān)切是過去幾十年中積累的寶貴知識(shí)由于職 工隊(duì)伍的老化有可能丟失。目前正在采取一些國家和國際主動(dòng)行動(dòng)來扭轉(zhuǎn)這些趨勢(shì)。

例如，在美國出現(xiàn)的令人鼓舞的發(fā)展是大學(xué)生核工程計(jì)劃的招生人數(shù)連續(xù)第三年增長。在 大學(xué)生人數(shù)從1992年的1500名降至1999年的約450名之后，2002年的招生人數(shù)上升到1000名。南 卡羅萊納州立大學(xué)和南卡羅萊納大學(xué)還宣布，他們將采用新的研究生和大學(xué)生核工程計(jì)劃。這 些計(jì)劃將是20多年來美國在該領(lǐng)域?qū)嵭械氖着@類教育計(jì)劃。