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首頁 > 資料下載 > 92/5000 美國汽車溫室氣體和燃料經(jīng)濟標(biāo)準下的信貸交易新市場New Markets for Credit Trading under US Automobile Greenhouse Ga
92/5000   美國汽車溫室氣體和燃料經(jīng)濟標(biāo)準下的信貸交易新市場New Markets for Credit Trading  under US Automobile  Greenhouse Ga 92/5000   美國汽車溫室氣體和燃料經(jīng)濟標(biāo)準下的信貸交易新市場New Markets for Credit Trading  under US Automobile  Greenhouse Ga

92/5000 美國汽車溫室氣體和燃料經(jīng)濟標(biāo)準下的信貸交易新市場New Markets for Credit Trading under US Automobile Greenhouse Ga

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美國企業(yè)平均燃油經(jīng)濟性(CAFE)法規(guī)的最新變化允許信貸銀行和交易,這為降低滿足嚴格的新標(biāo)準的成本創(chuàng)造了新的機會。汽車制造商將首次能夠在自己的汽車和卡車車隊之間以及整個制造商之間交易信用額度,并且他們將能夠在更長的時間內(nèi)為信用額度進行銀行存款。如果發(fā)展良好的信貸市場,降低法規(guī)成本的潛力可能很大。最新發(fā)展是,2012年開始的有關(guān)溫室氣體(GHG)排放的新法規(guī)與CAFE標(biāo)準重疊,從而創(chuàng)建了兩個單獨的法規(guī)和兩個單獨的信貸市場,一個針對燃油經(jīng)濟性(由國家公路交通安全管理局監(jiān)管),另一個針對燃油經(jīng)濟性。溫室氣體(由環(huán)境保護局管制)。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管應(yīng)該將這兩個法規(guī)統(tǒng)一起來,但是在信用的定義方式和交易方式上仍存在一些重要差異,從而給制造商增加了成本。我們審查了有關(guān)信貸市場運作狀況的證據(jù),包括信貸銀行業(yè)務(wù)的范圍以及交易的數(shù)量和價格。然后,我們評估以下因素干擾運作良好的市場的潛力:法規(guī)重疊,不需額外削減的成本,市場疲弱以及壟斷權(quán)力的使用。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)缺少穩(wěn)健交易的某些功能,并討論了提高這些市場效率的一些可能方法。

Recent changes to the US Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations that allow for credit banking and trading have created new opportunities for lowering the cost of meeting strict new standards. For the first time, automakers will be able to trade credits between their own car and truck fleets and across manufacturers, and they will be able to bank credits over longer time periods. The potential to lower the costs of the regulations could be large if well-functioning credit markets develop. A recent development is that new regulations starting in 2012 for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions overlap with the CAFE standards, creating two separate regulations and two separate credit markets, one for fuel economy (regulated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) and one for greenhouse gases (regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency). We find that although the two regulations are supposed to be harmonized, there are some important differences in how credits are defined and how they can be traded, creating added costs for manufacturers. We review evidence on how well the credit markets are working, including the extent of credit banking and the number and price of trades. We then assess the potential for the following to interfere with well -functioning markets: overlapping regulations, reductions that are not additional, thin markets, and use of monopoly power. We find that some features of robust trading are missing and discuss some possible ways to improve efficiency in these markets.

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