自2000年以來，水平鉆井和水力壓裂的結(jié)合提供了獲取大量以前無法開采或無法開采的石油和天然氣的途徑（美國(guó)能源情報(bào)署，2016d），新能源供應(yīng)激增：如圖1所示，美國(guó)干氣頁巖產(chǎn)量從2002年的23億立方英尺/天增加到2016年的423億立方英尺/天。馬塞勒斯和尤蒂卡頁巖區(qū)塊的天然氣產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)最為明顯，這些區(qū)塊延伸至馬里蘭州、紐約、俄亥俄州、賓夕法尼亞州和西弗吉尼亞州。從2010年到2015年，馬塞勒斯和尤蒂卡頁巖區(qū)塊的天然氣開采行業(yè)從每天5億立方英尺增長(zhǎng)到每天190億立方英尺以上。從2016年1月到9月，產(chǎn)量保持不變

Since 2000, the combination of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing has provided access to large volumes of oil and natural gas that were previously unproftable or impossible to extract (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016d).1 Tese new technologies and techniques, in turn, produced a boom in supply of new energy sources: As illustrated in Figure 1, dry gas shale production in the United States increased from 2.3 billion cubic feet per day in 2002 to 42.3 billion cubic feet per day in 2016. Te increase in natural gas production was most pronounced in the Marcellus and Utica shale plays, which extend under the states of Maryland, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. From 2010 to 2015, the natural gas extraction industry in the Marcellus and Utica shale plays grew from a half billion cubic feet per day to over 19 billion cubic feet per day. From January through September 2016, the output remained