在過去的十年里，風(fēng)能已經(jīng)從一個利基技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€為歐洲提供清潔、有競爭力和可靠能源的工業(yè)部門。在這一過程中，歐洲建立了一個世界領(lǐng)先的風(fēng)能產(chǎn)業(yè)，渦輪機(jī)制造商引領(lǐng)全球市場，開發(fā)商具有國際足跡和無與倫比的研究和創(chuàng)新能力。這一顯著的發(fā)展為歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來了可觀的利益，為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)創(chuàng)造了收入，創(chuàng)造了數(shù)萬個高技能工作崗位，并減少了歐洲對燃料進(jìn)口的依賴。然而，近年來，風(fēng)能的國際競爭愈演愈烈。全球風(fēng)能的增長并沒有轉(zhuǎn)化為歐盟制造商的更多出口。自2011年以來，歐盟在全球裝機(jī)容量中的份額下降了30%。巨大的國際競爭，加上本地內(nèi)容要求和供應(yīng)鏈限制，限制了歐洲風(fēng)電機(jī)組和組件制造商在歐盟以外市場的增長潛力。隨著風(fēng)能供應(yīng)鏈向歐盟以外的市場轉(zhuǎn)移，歐洲可能失去現(xiàn)有的就業(yè)機(jī)會和風(fēng)能帶來的積極貿(mào)易平衡。歐洲各國政府應(yīng)采取政策，振興當(dāng)?shù)厥袌?，維護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。要鞏固歐洲在風(fēng)能領(lǐng)域的國內(nèi)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位，就需要有一個強(qiáng)大的國內(nèi)市場。本報告詳細(xì)介紹了2011年至2016年風(fēng)電行業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)足跡，以作為清潔能源計劃1的一部分，為有關(guān)歐洲能源未來的討論提供信息。報告還建議了確保歐洲最大限度地利用風(fēng)能所需的政策和其他措施。促進(jìn)歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展?2016年，風(fēng)能產(chǎn)業(yè)對歐盟國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）的貢獻(xiàn)（直接和間接）為361億歐元。這是整個歐盟GDP的0.26%。?2016年的直接貢獻(xiàn)為223億歐元，高于2011年的167億歐元。這33%的增長率是同期歐盟GDP增長率的四倍。?2016年，風(fēng)能對歐盟GDP的間接貢獻(xiàn)為138億歐元。每1000歐元的風(fēng)能收入在其他工業(yè)部門創(chuàng)造250歐元的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動，包括電氣設(shè)備和機(jī)械、金屬、建筑和工程。鞏固全球領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位?2016年，歐洲風(fēng)能行業(yè)出口78億歐元，進(jìn)口價值54億歐元的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。?盡管該行業(yè)仍然是全球凈出口行業(yè)，貿(mào)易余額為24億歐元，但進(jìn)口風(fēng)能投入已從2011年占行業(yè)總支出的13%增加到2016年的16%。?超過80%的歐洲風(fēng)能公司在歐洲以外的80多個國家設(shè)有商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)和生產(chǎn)基地。在全球十大風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)制造商中，有五家是歐盟的。在歐洲創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會?風(fēng)能不僅在渦輪機(jī)制造和電力生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域，而且在許多其他行業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)部門都創(chuàng)造了就業(yè)機(jī)會。2016年，在歐盟，風(fēng)能產(chǎn)業(yè)直接和間接占據(jù)了262712個就業(yè)崗位。研發(fā)支出一直占行業(yè)GDP的5%左右，遠(yuǎn)高于2%的全經(jīng)濟(jì)平均水平。這也大大高于歐盟將GDP的3%用于研發(fā)的目標(biāo)。減少能源依賴和減少二氧化碳排放?風(fēng)能取代化石燃料發(fā)電。這不僅減少了二氧化碳的排放，而且避免了購買這些燃料的成本。?2016年，風(fēng)能在歐盟避免了34578ktoe（相當(dāng)于千噸石油）化石燃料的進(jìn)口，2011-2016年期間，總共避免了171951ktoe的進(jìn)口。這意味著在這一期間節(jié)省了320億歐元的成本。稅收貢獻(xiàn)?2016年，風(fēng)能行業(yè)為歐盟經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)了49億歐元的稅收。這些稅收主要包括公司稅和所得稅，但也包括地區(qū)稅、地方稅和財產(chǎn)稅。2011年至2016年間，風(fēng)能行業(yè)的稅收增長了46%。在實現(xiàn)歐洲2030年氣候和能源目標(biāo)的同時，充分利用全球領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位。未來幾年，風(fēng)能行業(yè)將繼續(xù)推動經(jīng)濟(jì)增長。?到2030年，風(fēng)電行業(yè)對歐盟國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的貢獻(xiàn)將翻一番，該行業(yè)的產(chǎn)出將占?xì)W盟國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的0.51%，同時在中心情景下，就業(yè)率可能翻一番3。

Wind energy has transitioned in the last decade from a  niche technology to an industrial sector that provides  Europe with clean, competitive and reliable energy. In the  process Europe has built up a world-beating wind energy  industry with turbine manufacturers that lead the global  market, developers with an international footprint and  unmatched research and innovation capability.  This remarkable development has yielded considerable  benefits to the European economy, generating revenue  to local communities, creating tens of thousands of highskilled jobs and reducing Europe’s fuel import dependency.  However, international competition in wind energy has  intensified in recent years. The growth of wind globally has  not translated into more exports for EU manufacturers.  The share of EU content in global installed capacity has  fallen by 30% since 2011. The significant international competition, alongside local  content requirements and supply chain constraints, have  limited the growth potential of European wind turbine  and component manufacturers in markets outside the EU.  As the wind energy supply chain shifts to markets outside  the EU, Europe risks losing the existing jobs and positive  trade balance that wind energy has brought. European  governments should respond with policies that will revive  the local market and preserve the economic benefits. For  Europe to cement its domestic leadership in wind energy  there needs to be a strong domestic market.  This report details the economic footprint of the wind  sector from 2011 to 2016 to inform the discussions  on Europe’s energy future as part of the Clean Energy  Package1 . It also recommends the policy and other  measures that are needed to ensure Europe gets the most  out of wind energy.Boosting the European economy ? The wind energy industry contributed (directly and  indirectly) €36.1bn to the EU's Gross Domestic Product  (GDP) in 2016. That is 0.26% of the overall EU GDP. ? The direct contribution was €22.3bn in 2016, up from  €16.7bn in 2011. This 33% growth was four times  higher than the EU's GDP growth over the period.  ? The indirect contribution of wind energy to the EU  GDP was €13.8bn in 2016. Every €1,000 of revenue in  wind energy creates €250 of economic activity in other  industrial sectors, including electrical equipment and  machinery, metals, construction and engineering. Cementing global leadership ? In 2016 the European wind energy industry exported  €7.8bn and imported €5.4bn worth of products and  services.  ? While the industry remains a global net exporter  with a €2.4bn positive trade balance, imported wind  energy inputs have increased from 13% of total  industry expenditure in 2011 to 16% in 2016.  ? Over 80% of European wind energy companies have a  commercial presence and manufacturing sites outside  of Europe in more than 80 countries. Of the 10 biggest  wind turbine manufacturers in the world, five are EUbased.  Creating jobs in Europe ? Wind energy has created jobs, not only in turbine  manufacturing and electricity production, but also in  many other industries and economic sectors. In 2016  the wind energy industry accounted – both directly  and indirectly – for 262,712 jobs in the EU.R&D spending has consistently represented around  5% of the industry’s GDP, well above the economywide average of 2%. It is also considerably higher than  the EU’s objective of 3% of GDP being invested in R&D. Reducing energy dependency and cutting CO2 emissions ? Wind energy displaces electricity generated by fossil  fuels. This not only reduces CO2 emissions but also  avoids the cost of buying those fuels.  ? In 2016 wind energy avoided 34,578 ktoe (kilotonne  of oil equivalent) fossil fuel imports in the EU, and a  total of 171,951 ktoe for the period 2011-2016. This  translates to €32bn in cost savings over the period.  Contributing with taxes ? The wind energy industry contributed €4.9bn in taxes  to the EU economy in 2016. These include mostly  corporate and income taxes, but also regional, local  and property taxes. Taxes paid by the wind energy  sector have grown by 46% between 2011 and 2016.  Capitalising on global leadership while delivering on  Europe's 2030 Climate and Energy objectives ? The wind energy industry will continue to be a driver  for economic growth over the coming years.  ? By 2030 the wind industry’s contribution to the EU's  GDP could double and the sector could generate  0.51% of the EU’s GDP whilst potentially doubling  employment under the Central Scenario3 .