Look back on this year1. The international atomic energy agency is approaching its 50th anniversary.On this occasion, it remains the global focal point for the use of nuclear energy for peace and development cooperation.In October of that year, the Norwegian Nobel committee awarded the 2005 Nobel peace prize to the international atomic energy agency and its director general, Mr. Mohamed elbaradei, in the most prominent recognition of the iaea's contributions in these areas.2. If the iaea is to continue to make a useful contribution to socio-economic development, nuclear safety and security, and non-proliferation and arms control, it must continue to respond to the changing needs and objectives of its member states.These needs and priorities have been taken into account in the preparation of the "medium-term strategy for 2006-2011" presented to the governing council in March.In this context, emphasis continues to be placed on the importance of quality management to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of all iaea activities.3. In 2005, iaea continued to function under its three pillar functions of technology, safety and verification.In particular, the focus has been on the following: promoting the development and transfer of peaceful nuclear technology;Maintaining and expanding the global nuclear security regime and strengthening the security of nuclear materials and radioactive materials and facilities;And preventing the spread of nuclear weapons.This chapter reviews some of the major global developments in these areas during the year from the perspective of iaea.technology4. The work of iaea under the technology pillar to promote the peaceful application of nuclear science and technology contributes to the socio-economic development of member states.The agency's wide-ranging activities under its regular budget and technical cooperation plan include scientific and technical support in the areas of nuclear power, the nuclear fuel cycle, food production, human health, water resources, Marine and terrestrial environmental management and industrial applications.Current situation and trend of nuclear power5. The year 2005 was a year of increasing expectations for nuclear power, driven by the record of nuclear power;Rising oil and gas prices are driving up energy demand around the world.Environmental restrictions on the use of fossil fuels;(ii) the concerns of some countries regarding energy supply security;And nuclear expansion plans in several countries.In march, senior representatives of 74 governments, including 25 ministers, gathered in Paris for a meeting organized by the iaea to consider the future role of nuclear power.According to the chairman's final statement, the overwhelming majority of participants acknowledged that "nuclear power can make a significant contribution to meeting the energy needs of many developed and developing countries in the 21st century and to the sustainable development of the world."6. Iaea maintains comprehensive databases that track the status of the entire process of building, operating, shutting down and decommissioning nuclear-powered reactors around the world.By the end of 2005, there were 443 power reactors in operation worldwide, accounting for about 16 per cent of the world's electricity generation and keeping pace with the steady growth of the global electricity market.Of the 26 units under construction, the majority (15) are in Asia.Four new units were added to the grid during the year: two in Japan, one each in India and the republic of Korea.An idle unit in Canada was reintegrated into the power grid.A total of 2.3 gw of capacity was added in 2005, taking into account the integration of new nuclear units into the grid and the retirement of power plants.The renewal of nuclear power plant licenses also played an important role in 2005, with the Netherlands, the Russian federation, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States being the most notable.7. Although expectations for nuclear power are increasing, a recent global public survey commissioned by the iaea revealed a wide range of views among countries.The survey polled 18,000 people in 18 countries (figure 1).8. Access to energy is a central issue facing the improvement of living standards in developing countries.One of the agency's contributions to energy development is its efforts to help member states build national capacity for energy analysis and planning, while taking into account the economic, environmental and social impacts.The agency's energy planning tools are now in use in more than 109 countries around the world.In addition, it trains local experts to analyse national programmes aimed at meeting energy needs.In 2005 alone, 272 energy professionals from 51 countries were trained.Analytical studies that complement iaea training programmes include a review of the following: energy supply guarantees in the Baltic states;Energy system demand in India and Mexico;Cost-effectiveness of nuclear power in mitigating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions;Contribution of nuclear technology to the economic growth of the republic of Korea;And the economic impact of Bulgaria's early closure.innovation9. Continued national research on innovative and advanced reactor designs for various reactor types, including water cooled reactors, gas cooled reactors, liquid metal cooled reactors and hybrid systems.The fourth generation international forum and the iaea international project on innovative nuclear reactor and fuel cycle, two major international efforts to promote innovation, are complementing the initiatives of the countries concerned.10. In 2005, the members of the fourth generation international forum signed the framework agreement for international cooperation in research and development on six previously selected categories of reactor systems.With the addition of Ukraine and the United States in 2005, the membership of the innovative nuclear reactor and fuel cycle international program grew to 24.Argentina, China, France, India, the republic of Korea and the Russian federation are currently using the innovative reactor and fuel cycle international project methodology to evaluate innovative nuclear energy systems and identify areas best suited for collaborative development.

回眸這一年

1. 國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)即將迎來(lái)50周年紀(jì)念日。值此之際，它依然是利用核能促進(jìn)和平 與發(fā)展合作的全球協(xié)調(diào)中心。挪威諾貝爾委員會(huì)在這一年的10月將2005年度諾貝爾 和平獎(jiǎng)授予國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)及其總干事穆罕默德?埃爾巴拉迪先生，這是對(duì)原子能機(jī) 構(gòu)在這些領(lǐng)域所作貢獻(xiàn)給予承認(rèn)的最突出的表現(xiàn)。

2. 原子能機(jī)構(gòu)要想對(duì)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、核安全和核保安以及防擴(kuò)散和軍備控制繼續(xù)做 出有益的貢獻(xiàn)，它就必須對(duì)成員國(guó)不斷變化的需求和目標(biāo)繼續(xù)做出響應(yīng)。3月提交理事 會(huì)的“ 2006—2011年中期戰(zhàn)略”的編制過(guò)程已經(jīng)考慮了這些需求和優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)。這一戰(zhàn) 略繼續(xù)強(qiáng)調(diào)質(zhì)量管理對(duì)于確保原子能機(jī)構(gòu)所有活動(dòng)的效率和效能的重要性。

3. 2005年，原子能機(jī)構(gòu)繼續(xù)按照其技術(shù)、安全與核查這三大支柱性職能開展工作。 具體而言，重點(diǎn)做了以下工作：促進(jìn)和平核技術(shù)的發(fā)展和轉(zhuǎn)讓；維護(hù)和擴(kuò)大全球核安 全體制以及加強(qiáng)核材料與放射性物質(zhì)和設(shè)施的保安；以及防止核武器擴(kuò)散。本章節(jié)從 原子能機(jī)構(gòu)的角度回顧了這一年在這些領(lǐng)域在全球范圍內(nèi)的一些主要發(fā)展情況。

技術(shù)

4. 原子能機(jī)構(gòu)在技術(shù)這一支柱下開展的促進(jìn)核科學(xué)技術(shù)和平應(yīng)用的工作有助于成員 國(guó)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。原子能機(jī)構(gòu)根據(jù)其經(jīng)常預(yù)算和技術(shù)合作計(jì)劃開展的范圍廣泛的活 動(dòng)包括在核電、核燃料循環(huán)、糧食生產(chǎn)、人體健康、水資源、海洋和陸地環(huán)境管理以 及工業(yè)應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域提供科學(xué)技術(shù)支持。

核電的現(xiàn)狀與趨勢(shì)

5. 2005年是對(duì)核電預(yù)期不斷增加的一年，其驅(qū)動(dòng)因素是：核電的實(shí)績(jī)記錄；不斷上 漲的石油和天然氣價(jià)格使世界各地的能源需求日增；對(duì)使用化石燃料的環(huán)境限制；一 些國(guó)家對(duì)能源供應(yīng)保障的關(guān)切；以及若干國(guó)家的核電擴(kuò)展計(jì)劃。3月，74個(gè)國(guó)家政府 的高級(jí)代表包括25名部長(zhǎng)級(jí)代表齊聚巴黎，出席了由原子能機(jī)構(gòu)組織的審議核電未來(lái) 作用的會(huì)議。根據(jù)會(huì)議主席的最后聲明，絕大多數(shù)與會(huì)者確認(rèn)，“核電能夠?yàn)闈M足許 多發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家在21世紀(jì)的能源需求和世界可持續(xù)發(fā)展作出重大貢獻(xiàn)。”

6. 原子能機(jī)構(gòu)維持著一些綜合數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)跟蹤記錄了世界各地核動(dòng)力堆建 造、運(yùn)行、關(guān)閉和退役的整個(gè)過(guò)程的狀況。到2005年年底，世界各地有443座動(dòng)力堆 在運(yùn)行，占世界發(fā)電量約16%，并與全球電力市場(chǎng)的穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)保持同步。有26臺(tái)核電 機(jī)組正在建設(shè)，其中大多數(shù)（15臺(tái)）在亞洲。在這一年中有四臺(tái)新機(jī)組并入電網(wǎng)：日 本兩臺(tái)，印度和大韓民國(guó)各一臺(tái)。加拿大一臺(tái)閑置機(jī)組重新并入電網(wǎng)。2005年的發(fā)電 容量總計(jì)凈增230萬(wàn)千瓦（電），這其中考慮了新核電機(jī)組并入電網(wǎng)和電廠退休的情況。核電廠許可證的更新在2005年也發(fā)揮了重要作用，其中荷蘭、俄羅斯聯(lián)邦、瑞 典、英國(guó)和美國(guó)的情況最引人注目。

7. 盡管對(duì)核電的預(yù)期正在增加，但原子能機(jī)構(gòu)最近委托進(jìn)行的全球公眾調(diào)查卻顯示 各國(guó)意見之間存在很大的差異。這項(xiàng)調(diào)查對(duì)18個(gè)國(guó)家的18 000人進(jìn)行了民意測(cè)驗(yàn)（圖 1）。

8. 能否獲得能源是發(fā)展中國(guó)家提高生活水平所面臨的中心問(wèn)題。原子能機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)能源 發(fā)展所作的一項(xiàng)貢獻(xiàn)就是在考慮到經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境和社會(huì)影響的同時(shí)，努力幫助成員國(guó)建 設(shè)國(guó)家能源分析和規(guī)劃的能力。目前全世界有逾109個(gè)國(guó)家采用了原子能機(jī)構(gòu)的能源 規(guī)劃工具。此外，它還對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)貙＜疫M(jìn)行培訓(xùn)，以分析旨在滿足能源需求的國(guó)家方案。 僅2005年一年，就有來(lái)自51個(gè)國(guó)家的272名能源專業(yè)人員接受了培訓(xùn)。對(duì)原子能機(jī) 構(gòu)培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃起補(bǔ)充作用的分析性研究工作包括對(duì)以下方面進(jìn)行審查：波羅的海國(guó)家的 能源供應(yīng)保障；印度和墨西哥的能源系統(tǒng)需求；核電對(duì)于緩解氣候變化和減少溫室氣 體排放的成本效益；核技術(shù)對(duì)大韓民國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)；以及保加利亞提前關(guān)閉核電 廠對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的影響。

創(chuàng)新

9. 繼續(xù)就水冷堆、氣冷堆、液態(tài)金屬冷卻堆以及混和系統(tǒng)等各種反應(yīng)堆類型開展有 關(guān)創(chuàng)新和先進(jìn)堆設(shè)計(jì)的國(guó)家研究。“第四代國(guó)際論壇”和原子能機(jī)構(gòu)“革新型核反應(yīng) 堆和燃料循環(huán)國(guó)際項(xiàng)目”作為兩項(xiàng)促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新的主要國(guó)際努力正在對(duì)有關(guān)國(guó)家的主動(dòng)行 動(dòng)提供補(bǔ)充。

10. 2005年，“第四代國(guó)際論壇”成員國(guó)簽署了有關(guān)先前選定的六類反應(yīng)堆系統(tǒng)的 《研究與發(fā)展國(guó)際合作框架協(xié)定》。隨著烏克蘭和美國(guó)于2005年的加入，“革新型核反應(yīng)堆和燃料循環(huán)國(guó)際項(xiàng)目”的成員增加到24個(gè)。阿根廷、中國(guó)、法國(guó)、印度、大 韓民國(guó)和俄羅斯聯(lián)邦目前正在利用“革新型核反應(yīng)堆和燃料循環(huán)國(guó)際項(xiàng)目”方法學(xué)評(píng) 定革新型核能系統(tǒng)，并確定最適合于協(xié)作開發(fā)的領(lǐng)域。