性別與化石燃料補貼改革:研究現(xiàn)狀Gender and Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform: Current status of research
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本研究計畫旨在探討礦物燃料津貼改革對孟加拉、印度及尼日利亞貧窮婦女的影響。這份初步的范圍界定報告沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)對化石燃料補貼改革的性別差異影響問題進行初步的定量研究。然而,有大量的文獻與能源獲取和性別有關(guān);圍繞能源補貼、獲取和對窮人的影響的研究日益增多;關(guān)于太陽能、爐灶和性別的研究日益增多;評估有針對性的現(xiàn)金轉(zhuǎn)移的研究(有時用作能源部門改革的緩解措施)從性別角度來看。報告首先提供了能源補貼、能源獲取和性別賦權(quán)的全球情況,作為研究的背景,對文獻進行了探討。然后,它審查了有關(guān)獲得能源和賦予性別權(quán)力(第3.1節(jié))、礦物燃料補貼和性別(第3.1.1節(jié))、補貼改革和性別(第3.1.2節(jié))以及現(xiàn)金轉(zhuǎn)移和有針對性的能源干預(yù)等緩解措施(第3.2節(jié))的文獻。最后,概述了能源補貼和改革對該項目三個重點國家性別的影響:尼日利亞(第3.3.1節(jié))、印度(第3.3.2節(jié))和孟加拉國(第3.3.3節(jié))。秘魯、墨西哥和摩洛哥對能源補貼的影響、其改革和潛在的有針對性的緩解婦女機會的案例也包括在附錄I中。文獻綜述揭示了能源補貼的影響、能源部門改革的影響以及與之相關(guān)的可行或適當(dāng)?shù)木徑獯胧H魏胃母锒际且虻刂埔说?。盡管如此,有力的證據(jù)表明,在許多國家,相當(dāng)一部分補貼福利是由富裕家庭獲得的,這表明,如果期望的政策目標是將收入和獲得能源的福利瞄準生活貧窮的男女,那么能源補貼效率低下的普遍現(xiàn)象就會出現(xiàn)。因此,研究涵蓋了廣泛的燃料類型和潛在的干預(yù)措施,從收入、能源使用和能源供應(yīng)對性別的影響的角度對這些措施進行了調(diào)查(關(guān)于可能的影響,見圖ES1)。文獻綜述綜合了國家項目伙伴在該項目的三個重點國家進行的更全面的研究:孟加拉國的孟加拉國發(fā)展研究所(BIDS)、印度的綜合研究與發(fā)展行動(IRADe)和尼日利亞的變革空間(S4C)。它還基于國際可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所(可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所)全球補貼倡議對性別和能源部門改革的文獻以及探索這一領(lǐng)域的可能方法進行的全球?qū)彶椤H缓?,報告從婦女福利、生產(chǎn)力和賦權(quán)的角度,提出了該項目下一階段工作的主要研究問題和分問題。隨后的研究將側(cè)重于具體的燃料類型,包括煤油(孟加拉國和尼日利亞用于照明和烹飪)和液化石油氣(印度用于烹飪)。所有這些國家都已經(jīng)或?qū)⒁?jīng)歷這些燃料的能源部門改革(例如,印度的液化石油氣在2015年,尼日利亞的煤油在2016年),并可能視世界石油價格波動(例如,孟加拉國的煤油在2015年)而將補貼作為預(yù)算支出項目出現(xiàn)或消失。其中兩個國家(印度直接向液化石油氣和Pratyaksha Hastaantarit-Laab計劃轉(zhuǎn)讓利益,尼日利亞實施補貼再投資和賦權(quán)方案)實施了具體的緩解措施,以減少由于補貼改革而對整個人口造成的物價上漲的影響。這項研究的重點是有關(guān)鍵能源獲取問題的國家,以及政府目前正在設(shè)計和實施實質(zhì)性能源部門改革的國家。我們希望,這項研究的結(jié)果將使各國政府能夠了解能源部門改革政策的執(zhí)行情況,并作出明智的選擇,改善婦女的發(fā)展成果。這項研究審查了礦物燃料補貼及其改革對性別的可能影響,以及如何更好地針對和分配補貼,以增強性別賦權(quán),并在未來造福于貧窮婦女。
This research project aims to investigate the impacts from fossil fuel subsidy reform on poor women in Bangladesh, India and Nigeria. This initial scoping report finds no primary, quantitative research on the question of the gender-differentiated impact of fossil fuel subsidy reforms. However, there is a large body of literature linked to energy access and gender; growing research surrounding energy subsidies, access and impacts on the poor; growing research regarding solar energy and cook stoves and gender; and a body of research assessing targeted cash transfers (sometimes used as mitigation measures to energy sector reform) from a gender perspective. The report explores the literature by first providing a global picture of energy subsidies, energy access and gender empowerment as background to the research. It then reviews the literature regarding access to energy and gender empowerment (Section 3.1), fossil fuel subsidies and gender (Section 3.1.1), subsidy reforms and gender (Section 3.1.2), and mitigation measures such as cash transfers and targeted energy interventions (Section 3.2). Finally, it provides an overview of energy subsidies and reform with implications for gender across this project’s three focus countries: Nigeria (Section 3.3.1), India (Section 3.3.2) and Bangladesh (Section 3.3.3). Case studies on Peru, Mexico and Morocco on the impact of energy subsidies, their reform and potential targeted mitigation opportunities for women are also included in Appendix I. The literature review reveals that the impacts of energy subsidies, the impacts of energy sector reform, and workable or appropriate mitigation measures associated with any reforms are extremely context specific. Nonetheless, strong evidence indicates that in many countries a significant proportion of subsidy benefits are captured by well-off households, suggesting a general phenomenon of energy subsidy inefficiency if the desired policy objective is to target income and energy access benefits to women and men living in poverty. As a result, the research covers a broad range of fuel types and potential interventions, investigating these from the perspective of income, energy use and energy supply effects on gender (see Figure ES1 for a summary of likely impacts). The literature review synthesises a fuller body of research undertaken by national project partners in this project’s three focus countries: the Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS) in Bangladesh, Integrated Research and Action for Development (IRADe) in India, and Spaces for Change (S4C) in Nigeria. It is also based on a global review by the Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) on the literature on gender and energy sector reform and possible methodologies for exploring this area. The report then sets out the main research questions and sub-questions for the next phase of work in this project, through the lens of women’s welfare, productivity and empowerment. Subsequent research will focus on specific fuel types, including kerosene (for lighting and cooking in Bangladesh and Nigeria) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG, for cooking in India). All of these countries have undergone or will experience energy sector reforms in these fuels (for example, LPG in India in 2015, and kerosene in Nigeria in 2016) and may see subsidies appear or disappear as an item of budgetary expenditure depending on world oil price fluctuations (for example, kerosene in Bangladesh in 2015). Two of these countries (India with the Direct Benefit Transfer for LPG and Pratyaksha Hastaantarit Laab schemes, and Nigeria with the Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Programme) implemented specific mitigation measures to reduce the impact of rising prices due to subsidy reform across the population. This research is focused in countries with key energy access issues, and in countries where governments are currently designing and implementing substantial energy sector reforms. We hope that the outcomes from this research will enable governments to understand and make informed choices regarding energy sector reform policy implementation and improved development outcomes for women. This research reviews the likely impacts from fossil fuel subsidies and their reform on gender, as well as how subsidies can be better targeted and distributed to increase gender empowerment and for the benefit of poor women in the future.-
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