雖然自2014年年中以來(lái)的油價(jià)暴跌給大多數(shù)石油出口國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)了壓力，但委內(nèi)瑞拉在同行中卻脫穎而出，成為受沖擊最嚴(yán)重的國(guó)家之一。由于油價(jià)堅(jiān)挺、國(guó)際利率較低的時(shí)期相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)，在經(jīng)歷了美國(guó)歷史上一些最有利的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件的十年之后，在過(guò)去一年油價(jià)下跌之前，中國(guó)已經(jīng)陷入了經(jīng)濟(jì)困境。烏戈查韋斯總統(tǒng)（1999年至2012年）利用高油價(jià)帶來(lái)的收入極大地促進(jìn)了國(guó)內(nèi)消費(fèi)，提高了國(guó)內(nèi)外的實(shí)力，同時(shí)積累了外債，沒(méi)有產(chǎn)生任何顯著的生產(chǎn)性投資增長(zhǎng)。他的繼任者尼古拉斯馬杜羅（Nicols Maduro）不愿意做出形勢(shì)所要求的艱難決定，造成災(zāi)難性的經(jīng)濟(jì)后果。中國(guó)比以往任何時(shí)候都更依賴石油，但石油工業(yè)狀況不佳，產(chǎn)量下降，利潤(rùn)率下降。2013年以來(lái)，石油政策更加務(wù)實(shí)，對(duì)投資者更加友好，但短期內(nèi)不太可能帶來(lái)顯著成效。當(dāng)油價(jià)大幅下跌、國(guó)家資金緊張時(shí)，石油行業(yè)的問(wèn)題趨勢(shì)很難逆轉(zhuǎn)。盡管如此，如果委內(nèi)瑞拉能夠在政治上穩(wěn)定下來(lái)，并改善體制和政策環(huán)境，它非凡的資源稟賦仍然提供了重大機(jī)遇。
While the collapse in oil prices since mid-2014 has stressed the economies of the majority of oil exporting nations, Venezuela stands out as one of the hardest hit among its peers. After a decade of some of the most favorable economic conditions in the nation’s history thanks to a relatively prolonged period of strong oil prices and low international interest rates, the country was already in difficult economic straits before the oil price drop over the past year. President Hugo Chvez (1999–2012) used the income from high oil prices to dramatically boost domestic consumption and to increase his power at home and abroad, while building up foreign debt and without generating any significant rise in productive investment. His successor, Nicols Maduro, has been unwilling to take the tough decisions that the situation demands, with disastrous economic consequences. The country is more dependent on oil than ever, but the oil industry is in poor condition with production declining and margins thinning. Since 2013, oil policy has become more pragmatic and investor friendly, but it is unlikely to bring significant results in the short term. The problematic trends in the oil sector are hard to reverse when oil prices have significantly declined and the country is strapped for cash. Still Venezuela’s extraordinary resource endowment offers significant opportunities if the country can be politically stabilized and the institutional and policy environment improve.
-
加拿大煤炭開(kāi)采Coal Mining in Canada 2021-09-17
-
年終總結(jié)新年計(jì)劃工作匯報(bào)PPT模板 2021-09-17