波蘭煤礦部門的重組與1989年開始的一般政治和經(jīng)濟改革直接相關(guān)。關(guān)閉利潤最低的煤礦、減少煤炭產(chǎn)量和該行業(yè)的勞動力規(guī)模，是這一過程中相對成功的部分，特別是在最初的十年。主要的失敗是，盡管進行了多次債務(wù)調(diào)整，但該行業(yè)仍然缺乏盈利能力。在這一時期被廣泛認為是最成功的工具（采礦社會一攬子計劃）并沒有防止巨大的社會成本，主要是前礦工的不活動或失業(yè)。盡管礦區(qū)恢復(fù)了相對繁榮，但選定的當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)仍然遭受失業(yè)、貧困或社會排斥的痛苦。 在第一節(jié)中，我們概述了波蘭煤炭行業(yè)的重要性，并簡要描述了從19世紀1日到20世紀末，煤炭行業(yè)作為當今波蘭的一部分的發(fā)展。在第二部分中，我們重點介紹了1989年開始并持續(xù)至今的煤炭行業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型的主要經(jīng)濟趨勢。我們解釋了它的政治背景，并提出了解決政府項目中主要問題的方法。我們評估這一進程的主要政治行動者的作用和所實施的改革。我們認為，盡管有些轉(zhuǎn)型成果是顯著的，但整個過程既不能最終完成，也不能取得成功。在第三部分中，我們討論了礦業(yè)社會福利和礦業(yè)公社特權(quán)兩種工具。2礦業(yè)社會福利在減少就業(yè)和減少煤礦數(shù)量方面特別有效。礦業(yè)公社的特權(quán)為礦業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整提供了一個新的局面，礦業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整開始被視為對礦區(qū)經(jīng)濟的挑戰(zhàn)。這兩項文書盡管都有積極的方面，但也有重大缺陷。在最后一節(jié)中，我們提出了如何克服這些不足，以改進重組的建議。 一
The restructuring of the coal mining sector in Poland is directly linked with the general political and economic reforms that started in 1989. The closing of the least profitable collieries, reduction of coal production and the size of the workforce in the sector were relatively successful parts of this process, especially during its first decade. The main failure was the sector’s continued lack of profitability, despite numerous debt adjustments. The instrument which is widely recognized as the most successful during that period (the Mining Social Package) did not prevent substantial social costs, mostly inactivity or unemployment among former miners. Although the mining regions regained a relative prosperity, selected local communities still suffer from unemployment, poverty or social exclusion. In the first section, we outline the importance of the coal sector in Poland and briefly describe its development as a part of today’s Poland from the 19th century1 until the end of the 20th. In the second section, we focus on the main economic trends of the coal sector transformation that began in 1989 and continues today. We explain its political context and present approaches to the main problems adopted in governmental programs. We assess the role of the main political actors of that process and the reforms implemented. We argue that, although some of the transformation outcomes are remarkable, the overall process can be seen as neither finalized nor successful. In the third section, we discuss two instruments—the Mining Social Package and special privileges for the mining communes.2 The Mining Social Package was particularly effective in reducing employment and the number of collieries. The privileges for the mining communes offered a new situation in which mining restructuring started to be perceived as a challenge for the economy of mining regions. Both instruments, despite their positive aspects, turned out to also have significant deficiencies. In the last section, we offer suggestions on how these deficiencies can be overcome to improve the restructuring. 1
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