本次英國(guó)南威爾士煤炭開采案例研究是對(duì)國(guó)際可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所（IISD）和國(guó)家發(fā)改委中國(guó)能源研究所承擔(dān)項(xiàng)目的貢獻(xiàn)。案例研究探討了政府和民間社會(huì)采取的行動(dòng)，以減輕煤炭工業(yè)的收縮后果，并找出可能適用于計(jì)劃從煤炭開采在山西，中國(guó)過(guò)渡的影響。 這項(xiàng)案例研究回顧了南威爾士煤礦開采的經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治背景，也被稱為“山谷”。它簡(jiǎn)要描述了煤礦開采的起源，從19世紀(jì)80年代工業(yè)革命期間的快速增長(zhǎng)，20世紀(jì)30年代經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條期間的嚴(yán)重收縮，以及第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間復(fù)蘇，1990年代逐漸但不可逆轉(zhuǎn)地衰落并最終消失，然后審查采礦和關(guān)閉煤礦的顯著社會(huì)和社區(qū)后果，工會(huì)的重大影響以及政府通過(guò)區(qū)域政策應(yīng)對(duì)失業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的努力。報(bào)告審查了包括威爾士開發(fā)署在內(nèi)的各機(jī)構(gòu)為減輕關(guān)閉礦井的后果所做的工作，并審查了歐洲聯(lián)盟基金為此目的所作的貢獻(xiàn)。 盡管政策無(wú)法抵消南威爾士工業(yè)衰退的社會(huì)影響，但案例研究確實(shí)提供了一些跡象，說(shuō)明如何在面臨重大工業(yè)變革和調(diào)整的其他礦區(qū)開發(fā)緩解方案。一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的結(jié)論是，需要制定一項(xiàng)全面的應(yīng)對(duì)措施，其中包括產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)、改善基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、保持社會(huì)凝聚力和建立有效機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)執(zhí)行應(yīng)對(duì)措施的措施。 政府及其許多交付機(jī)構(gòu)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)為南威爾士前礦業(yè)社區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型帶來(lái)了巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。但或許最重要的教訓(xùn)是，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)因素的強(qiáng)大影響，以及需要建立一批關(guān)鍵的當(dāng)?shù)丶寄芎蛻?yīng)變能力，以應(yīng)對(duì)關(guān)閉煤礦和隨后的經(jīng)濟(jì)變化。
This case study of coal mining in South Wales in the United Kingdom is a contribution to project undertaken by the International Institute of Sustainable Development (IISD) and the Chinese Energy Research Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission. The case study explores the impact of actions taken by government and civil society to mitigate the consequences of the coal industry’s contraction, and to identify lessons that might be applicable to the planned transition away from coal mining in Shanxi Province, China. The case study reviews the economic and political context of coal mining in South Wales, also known as “the Valleys.” It outlines the contemporary challenges by briefly describing the origins of coal mining, its rapid growth from the 1880s during the industrial revolution, its severe contraction during the economic depression of the 1930s, its resurgence during the Second World War, and its gradual but irreversible decline and eventual disappearance in the 1990s. It then examines the pronounced social and community consequences of mining and the closure of collieries, the significant impact of unionized labour and the efforts of government to counter unemployment and economic decline through regional policy. It examines the work of institutions, including the Welsh Development Agency, to mitigate the consequences of pit closure and reviews the contribution of European Union funds for this purpose. Despite the inability of policy to offset the social impacts of industrial decline in South Wales, the case study does provide some indication of how mitigation options can be developed in other mining areas facing major industrial change and realignment. A key finding is the need to develop a comprehensive response that includes measures that generate economic activity, improve infrastructure, maintain social cohesion and establish effective institutions to implement the response. The experience of government and its many delivery bodies gave rise to considerable lessons regarding the challenges of transforming the economy of former mining communities in South Wales. But perhaps the overarching lesson is the powerful influence of global economic factors and the need to establish a critical mass of local skills and resilience to respond to both the closure of collieries and subsequent economic changes.
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