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美國的煤炭過渡Coal Transition in the UNITED STATES

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更新時(shí)間：2021-09-16
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在過去的十年里，美國開始減少煤炭的生產(chǎn)和使用，這受到不利的市場動態(tài)和不斷變化的聯(lián)邦監(jiān)管環(huán)境的影響。即使在頁巖氣革命和可再生能源的吸收減少了煤炭在發(fā)電中的使用之前，煤炭社區(qū)也在努力實(shí)現(xiàn)收支平衡。阿巴拉契亞和粉河流域等生產(chǎn)國之間的區(qū)域成本差異表明，受煤炭影響的社區(qū)和工人在不同程度和時(shí)間段經(jīng)歷了煤炭過渡的影響。2014年至2016年期間，由于國內(nèi)外對美國煤炭的需求下降，我們看到了美國主要煤炭公司的倒閉。此外，奧巴馬政府的氣候變化政策對燃煤電廠產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響，增加了溫室氣體排放要求，導(dǎo)致國內(nèi)煤炭需求下降。再加上市場低迷，美國煤炭生產(chǎn)商在破產(chǎn)條件下已經(jīng)難以支付高昂的運(yùn)營成本和法律責(zé)任。由于國家預(yù)算資金不足，煤炭州也在努力應(yīng)對破產(chǎn)煤炭公司的養(yǎng)老金、醫(yī)療保健和復(fù)墾債務(wù)帶來的財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2016年，前總統(tǒng)奧巴馬宣布了“電力附加”計(jì)劃，旨在幫助受煤炭影響的社區(qū)和工人為低碳未來做準(zhǔn)備。聯(lián)邦預(yù)算計(jì)劃的目標(biāo)是地方經(jīng)濟(jì)的多樣化，為礦工的健康和養(yǎng)老基金提供資金，并為替代行業(yè)的就業(yè)提供再培訓(xùn)。在特朗普政府時(shí)期，潛在的監(jiān)管救濟(jì)可能會緩解煤炭行業(yè)的壓力。1不過，特朗普總統(tǒng)在競選中承諾要振興煤炭行業(yè)，需要的不僅僅是撤銷環(huán)境法規(guī)和向煤炭公司提供稅收優(yōu)惠。問題仍然是，煤炭轉(zhuǎn)型的影響是否會由特朗普政府下的額外聯(lián)邦基金來管理。

Over the past decade, the US started to cut down the production and the use of coal, which was affected by unfavorable market dynamics and changing federal regulatory environment. Even before the shale gas revolution and uptake of renewables diminish the use of coal in power generation, coal communities were struggling to meet ends. The regional cost differences between producing states, such as the Appalachian and the Powder River Basins, indicates that coal-impacted communities and workers have lived through the impacts of coal transition at varying magnitudes and time periods. In the period between 2014 and 2016, we have seen the crash of major US coal companies due to declining demand for US coal domestically and internationally. Furthermore, Obama administration’s climate change policies negatively impacted coal-fired power plants with additional GHG emission requirements, contributing to declining domestic demand for coal. Combined with market downturn, US coal producers already struggle to pay for high operational costs and legal liabilities under bankruptcy conditions. With underfunded state budgets, coal states are also grappling with financial exposure resulting from pension, healthcare and reclamation liabilities of bankrupt coal companies. In 2016, former President Obama announced the Power Plus Plan to aid coal-impacted communities and workers to prepare for a low carbon future. The federal budget plan targeted diversification of local economies, funding of health and pension funds of miners and retraining for employment in alternative industries. Under Trump administration, potential regulatory relief might ease the pressure on the coal industry.1 Still, President Trump’s campaign pledge to revive the coal industry will require more than rolling back the environmental regulations and providing tax concessions to the coal companies. The question remains whether the impacts of coal transition will be managed by additional federal funds under the Trump administration.

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