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英國的煤炭過渡Coal Transition in the UNITED KINGDOM

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更新時間：2021-09-16
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英國實際上已經(jīng)完成了擺脫煤炭生產(chǎn)和使用的轉(zhuǎn)變，這對一個曾經(jīng)以煤炭發(fā)電為主的經(jīng)濟體來說是一個驚人的轉(zhuǎn)變。然而，這是一個從未真正“計劃”過的轉(zhuǎn)變，遠離煤炭的行動早在對氣候變化的擔(dān)憂取得政治地位之前就開始了。例如，直到2015年11月，英國政府才承諾逐步淘汰英國發(fā)電用煤。但這已經(jīng)發(fā)生了，一些最迅速的變化實際上發(fā)生在2016年，尤其是由于“碳稅”的影響，導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟從煤炭向燃氣發(fā)電傾斜。為滿足高峰需求，少數(shù)燃煤發(fā)電站將在電網(wǎng)中維持數(shù)年，但從各方面來看，英國已經(jīng)進入后煤炭時代。然而，這一目標(biāo)能否在不給煤礦區(qū)帶來不必要痛苦的情況下實現(xiàn)，仍然是一個非常值得懷疑的問題。多年來，失業(yè)是通過裁員和轉(zhuǎn)移到幸存礦井來管理的。裁員金、福利金和提前領(lǐng)取養(yǎng)老金為前礦工提供了支持，并提供了職業(yè)咨詢和培訓(xùn)。大多數(shù)以前的礦工現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)到了退休年齡。礦業(yè)社區(qū)面臨的最大問題是如何取代失去的工作崗位。英國為恢復(fù)受煤炭關(guān)閉影響的地區(qū)所做的努力由來已久，有明顯的證據(jù)表明，這以新的就業(yè)機會的形式帶來了積極的結(jié)果。然而，原煤田的勞動力市場仍然存在不平衡，表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)的高失業(yè)率，特別是喪失勞動能力福利。在創(chuàng)造了新工作崗位的地方，他們的工資往往很低

The UK has virtually completed its move away from the production and use of coal – an astonishing transformation for an economy that once relied overwhelmingly on coal power. This is however a transformation that was never really ‘planned’ and the move away from coal started long before concerns about climate change achieved political prominence. Until as late as November 2015, for example, there was no government commitment to phase out coal in UK electricity generation. But it was already happening, and some of the most rapid change was actually in 2016, triggered in particular by the impact of a ‘carbon tax’ which has tipped the economics away from coal to gasfired generation. A handful of coal-fired power stations will remain on the grid for a few years to help meet peak demand, but to all intents the UK is already entering the post-coal era. Whether this has been achieved without undue pain to coalmining areas is however deeply questionable. Job losses were for many years managed by a combination of redundancies and transfers to surviving mines. Redundancy payments, welfare benefits and early access to pensions provided support former miners, and careers advice and training was on offer. Most former miners have now reached retirement age. The big problem for mining communities has been replacement of the lost jobs. The UK has a long history of efforts to regenerate areas affected by coal closures and there is clear evidence that this has delivered positive results in the form of new jobs. Nevertheless, there continues to be an imbalance in the labour market in the former coalfields, manifest in on-going high levels of worklessness, particularly on incapacity benefits. And where new jobs have been created they have often been low-paid

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