波蘭的煤炭過渡Coal Transition in POLAND
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- 更新時間:2021-09-16
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資料簡介
波蘭煤炭部門的重組與1989年開始的民主變革密不可分。轉(zhuǎn)型的經(jīng)濟層面表現(xiàn)為從中央計劃向自由市場的轉(zhuǎn)變。雖然這一過程帶來了經(jīng)濟增長,但也帶來了嚴重的社會成本。煤炭行業(yè)重組的主要目標是實現(xiàn)其在全球市場的盈利能力和競爭力。然而,即使生產(chǎn)和就業(yè)迅速減少,對礦山的生產(chǎn)力產(chǎn)生了積極影響,這些目標也沒有實現(xiàn)。該部門的盈利能力和勞動力結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的可持續(xù)性都沒有實現(xiàn)。在這一過程中沒有成功有三個主要原因。首先,政府的快速變化使長期戰(zhàn)略無法實施,并確保了該行業(yè)市場規(guī)則的實施。其次,工會對維持現(xiàn)狀的壓力——礦業(yè)公司的國有結(jié)構(gòu)、專業(yè)特權(quán)和增加工資。第三,缺乏足夠的激勵措施來重新培訓礦工和振興這些地區(qū),這對煤炭行業(yè)的重組影響最大。
The restructuring of the Polish coal sector is inextricably related to the democratic transformation which began in 1989. The economic dimension of the transformation is manifested in the shift from central planning to the free market. Although this process brought economic growth, it has had severe social costs. The main goals of the coal sector restructuring were to achieve its profitability and competitiveness on the global market. However, even with a very quick downsizing of production and employment, which positively affected the mines’ productivity, these goals were not achieved. Neither the profitability of the sector nor the sustainability of the labour restructuring were achieved. There were three main reasons for lack of success in this process. Firstly, the rapid changes of governments making impossible implementation of long term strategies and ensure implementation of market rules in the sector. Secondly, the pressure from trade unions on sustaining the status quo – state owed structure of mining companies, professional privileges and increasing salaries. Thirdly, the lack of sufficient incentives for retraining the miners and revitalising the areas exposed the most on the coal sector restructuring.
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