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SA煤礦工業(yè)回顧Review of the SA Coal Mining Industry 2013

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更新時(shí)間：2021-09-16
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19世紀(jì)中葉，在南非夸祖魯-納塔爾省和東開(kāi)普省發(fā)現(xiàn)了煤炭。然而，直到1870年?yáng)|開(kāi)普省莫爾泰諾-因德威煤田的煤炭被開(kāi)采出來(lái)為最近發(fā)現(xiàn)的金伯利鉆石田提供能源時(shí)，采礦才開(kāi)始。姆普馬蘭加省煤田是沃特雷克人發(fā)現(xiàn)的，但僅在19世紀(jì)末威特沃特斯蘭德金礦開(kāi)發(fā)后開(kāi)采。煤炭產(chǎn)量從1890年的500噸增加到1900年的200噸。1920年底，中部盆地煤田產(chǎn)量達(dá)到66MtPa，是該國(guó)第一大煤炭生產(chǎn)國(guó)，當(dāng)年煤炭出口量約為1噸。在20世紀(jì)40年代的大部分時(shí)間里，平均產(chǎn)量約為20萬(wàn)噸/年，然后在20世紀(jì)50年代初上升到30萬(wàn)噸/年左右，出口增加到300萬(wàn)噸/年。在Eskom“圈養(yǎng)煤礦”政策制定后，煤炭需求和產(chǎn)量迅速增長(zhǎng)。1973年世界能源危機(jī)的爆發(fā)使人們對(duì)南非的煤炭產(chǎn)生了更大的興趣，而不斷增長(zhǎng)的需求使產(chǎn)量上升到了新的高度。20世紀(jì)70年代，產(chǎn)量從50萬(wàn)噸/年上升到74萬(wàn)噸/年，大部分煤炭在當(dāng)?shù)叵?。由于原煤灰分含量高，煤炭出口幾乎不可能。由于新的慈善產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)和大衛(wèi)霍斯福爾（David Horsfall）的杰出思想，它們變得重要起來(lái)。這些煤炭產(chǎn)品在歐洲和亞洲作為蒸汽和冶金煤找到了有利的市場(chǎng)。隨著理查茲灣煤炭碼頭（RBCT）及其鐵路煤炭專(zhuān)用線(xiàn)（CoalLink）的建立，南非建立了大規(guī)模出口非標(biāo)煤所需的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。該國(guó)有18個(gè)主要煤田，從北到南分布在約700公里的地區(qū)，從東到西分布在500公里的地區(qū)。東開(kāi)普省Molteno-Indwe煤田位于主要含煤區(qū)以南約300公里處，是一個(gè)孤立的年輕礦床。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，煤層的級(jí)別或成熟度向東增加，煤層數(shù)量和厚度隨之減少。因此，Mpumalanga和北部省的煤通常在厚度達(dá)幾米的煤層中為煙煤，而KwaZulu-Natal煤通常為無(wú)煙煤，并沉積在相對(duì)較薄的煤層中。南非的煤炭生產(chǎn)大部分是煙煤蒸汽，只有1.2%是無(wú)煙煤。約0.8%的煙煤通過(guò)選礦轉(zhuǎn)化為焦煤產(chǎn)品，有的半軟，有的直。東開(kāi)普省和夸祖魯納塔省僅記錄到少量不經(jīng)濟(jì)的褐煤礦藏。w+27（0）21 3336305 m+27（0）82 4943968 1270 Kirkby Street Queenswood，比勒陀利亞，0186 xavier@xmpconsulting.com根據(jù)國(guó)際能源署（IEA）的數(shù)據(jù)，南非現(xiàn)在是第七大硬煤（煙煤和無(wú)煙煤）生產(chǎn)國(guó)和第六大出口國(guó)。它擁有世界煤炭?jī)?chǔ)量的3.5%。煤炭是南非外匯收入最高的國(guó)家，是礦業(yè)收入最大的商品，高于鉑金和黃金。它用于生產(chǎn)全國(guó)95%的能源，90%的還原劑用于冶金工業(yè)，40%以上的液體燃料用于當(dāng)?shù)匦枨螅?00多種主要化學(xué)品用于1000種碳基產(chǎn)品（薩索爾合成燃料）。表1。年產(chǎn)量、本地銷(xiāo)售額

Coal was discovered in South Africa, in the KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Provinces, towards the middle of the 19th century. Mining, however, only began in 1870 when coal of the Molteno-Indwe Coalfield in the Eastern Cape was exploited to supply energy to the recently discovered Kimberley diamond fields. The Mpumalanga Province coalfields were discovered by the Voortrekkers, but only mined in the late 19th century after the development of the Witwatersrand gold deposits. Coal production rose from 500kt in 1890 to 2Mt in 1900. By 1920, with an output of 6.6Mtpa, the Central Basin coalfields were the country's leading producers with approximately one ton of coal first exported during that year. During most of the 1940s, production averaged about 20Mtpa, then rose to about 30Mtpa at the beginning of the 1950s with an increase of exports to 3Mtpa. After the development of Eskom's "captive colliery" policy, coal demand and production grew rapidly. The onset of the world energy crisis in 1973 created further interest in South Africa’s coal and rising demand saw output escalate to new heights. During the 1970s, production rose from 50Mtpa to 74Mtpa, most of the coal being consumed locally. Coal exports were seldom possible, due to the high ash content of the run-of-mine (ROM) coal. They became important as a consequence of the development of new beneficiated products and the brilliant ideas of David Horsfall. These coal products found a favourable market in Europe and Asia as steam and metallurgical coal. The South African infrastructure required for large-scale exports of unsized coal was created with the establishment of the Richards Bay Coal Terminal (RBCT) and its dedicated railway coal line (CoalLink). The country has 18 principal coalfields, spread over an area of some 700km from north to south and 500km from east to west. The Molteno-Indwe coalfield in the Eastern Cape, some 300km south of the main coal-bearing region, is an isolated, younger deposit. Generally, the rank or maturity of coal seams increases eastwards, with a concomitant decrease in the number of seams and their thickness. Thus, the Mpumalanga and Northern Province coals are usually bituminous in seams up to several metres thick, whilst KwaZulu-Natal coals are often anthracitic and deposited in relatively thinner seams. Most of South Africa's coal production is bituminous steam, with only 1.2% anthracite. Some 0,8% of the bituminous coal is converted, through beneficiation, to a coking coal product, some semi-soft, some straight. Only a few small and uneconomic deposits of lignite have been recorded in the Eastern Cape and KwaZuluNatal Provinces. w +27 (0)21 3336305 m +27 (0)82 4943968 1270 Kirkby Street Queenswood, Pretoria, 0186 xavier@xmpconsulting.com South Africa is now, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the 7th largest producer of hard coal (bituminous and anthracite) and the 6th largest exporter. It has 3.5% of the world coal reserves. Coal in South Africa produces the highest foreign exchange earnings of the country, is the largest mining income-earning commodity, higher than platinum and gold. It is used to produce 95% of the country’s energy, 90% of the reductants used by the metallurgical industry, more than 40% of the liquid fuels locally required and more than 200 major chemicals, used for 1 000 carbon-based products (SASOL’s Synfuels). Table 1. Yearly production, local sales

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