研究的重點褐煤和硬煤覆蓋約1/6的初級能源消耗在歐盟（歐盟25）。國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)約占消費(fèi)的2/3。在發(fā)電領(lǐng)域，煤炭是不可或缺的。煤炭為社區(qū)內(nèi)安全、經(jīng)濟(jì)的電力供應(yīng)做出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。由于其高碳強(qiáng)度，煤炭在歐洲氣候保護(hù)政策中處于防御地位，但由于供應(yīng)安全和經(jīng)濟(jì)原因，應(yīng)處于進(jìn)攻地位。與排放交易計劃（ETS）相關(guān)的強(qiáng)有力的氣候政策限制可能導(dǎo)致高二氧化碳價格，并改變歐洲煤炭使用的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。有鑒于此，本研究旨在研究和評估歐洲煤炭的現(xiàn)狀和未來前景。研究的重點是歐洲煤炭作為發(fā)電燃料市場的關(guān)鍵驅(qū)動因素和決定因素。歐盟27、歐盟15和歐盟10+2的所有結(jié)果匯總。關(guān)于區(qū)域條件，重點放在主要煤炭生產(chǎn)國（波蘭、德國、聯(lián)合王國、西班牙、希臘、捷克共和國、匈牙利、保加利亞和羅馬尼亞）和主要煤炭消費(fèi)市場（上述國家和法國、意大利、荷蘭）。本研究不包括煉焦煤、焦炭和煤炭產(chǎn)品作為鋼鐵生產(chǎn)和其他工業(yè)用途的原料。歐洲的煤炭（1）在歐洲，既有大量的硬煤儲量，也有亞煙煤和褐煤儲量，儲量分布在各個地區(qū)。包括俄羅斯在內(nèi)，歐洲在世界范圍內(nèi)擁有超過30%的探明儲量，但在歐盟成員國只有4.4%。西歐和南歐（歐盟15國）的石油儲量在過去50年中由于高產(chǎn)量水平而顯著下降，而歐盟10國和候選國，特別是波蘭仍保留著大量的石油儲量。（2） 歐洲（不包括前蘇聯(lián)）目前的煤炭產(chǎn)量約為315百萬噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤，占世界煤炭年總產(chǎn)量（4058百萬噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤）的8%。包括土耳其和前蘇聯(lián)國家在內(nèi)的鄰國增加了大約320的煤產(chǎn)量。到目前為止，德國和波蘭是歐盟最大的煤炭生產(chǎn)國；它們加起來約占?xì)W盟目前所有煤炭產(chǎn)量的2/3。（3）在1999的煤炭消費(fèi)量中，495 MTCE的歷史最低水平再次上升，特別是在歐盟15（2004至292的MTCE）中，而在同一時期保持在歐盟10和選定候選國家（145 MTCE）的大致恒定水平。歐洲聯(lián)盟的鄰國消費(fèi)了另外60百萬噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤，不包括前蘇聯(lián)國家，這些國家的消費(fèi)量在1998年下降到230百萬噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤，在2004年上升到250百萬噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤。（4） 煤炭消費(fèi)量超過了歐洲的產(chǎn)量，煤炭凈進(jìn)口量從125mtce（1994年）增長到147mtce（2004年）。歐洲硬煤進(jìn)口最重要的原產(chǎn)國是南非、澳大利亞、哥倫比亞和前蘇聯(lián)。（5） 日本和歐洲的到岸價格在1999/2000年創(chuàng)下了20年來的新低，達(dá)到每噸35美元左右，主要出口國（中國、俄羅斯）的國內(nèi)需求增加，產(chǎn)量減少（美國），運(yùn)費(fèi)增加，導(dǎo)致2004年煤炭價格高企。然而，從儲量和有競爭力的生產(chǎn)商市場來看，可以得出的第一個結(jié)論是，與其他化石燃料相比，煤炭價格更可能保持穩(wěn)定或適度增長。（6） 在發(fā)電方面，煤炭在歐盟占主導(dǎo)地位，裝機(jī)容量占25%，發(fā)電量占近三分之一。然而，在未來25年內(nèi)，在整個歐洲，投資于新的發(fā)電廠（約占目前總發(fā)電量的三分之一）是必要的。這可能會導(dǎo)致發(fā)電組合的深刻變化，包括煤炭、天然氣和可再生能源在內(nèi)的許多新電廠的選擇正在考慮之中，在一些國家還包括核能。

Focus of the study  Lignite and hard coal cover approximately 1/6 of primary energy consumption in the European Union (EU 25). About 2/3 of consumption  are covered by domestic production. In the sector of power generation coal is indispensable. Coal delivers an important contribution to a  secured and economic power supply within the community.  Due to its high carbon intensity coal gets into a defensive position in  European climate protection policies but should be in an offensive  position due to security of supply and economic reasons. Strong climate policy restrictions connected with Emissions Trading Scheme  (ETS) may lead to high CO2-prices and change the economics of coal  use in Europe. Having that in mind, the study aims to examine and to  evaluate the current situation as well as the future perspectives of  coal in Europe.  The focus of the study is on key drivers and determinants of the  European market of coal as fuel for power generation. All results are  aggregated for the EU 27, EU 15 and EU 10+2. Concerning regional  terms, the focus is set on the main coal producing countries (Poland,  Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, Greece, Czech Republic, Hungary,  Bulgaria and Romania) and the major coal consuming markets (the  above mentioned and France, Italy, Netherlands).  Coking coal, coke and coal products as raw materials for steel production and other industrial purposes are excluded in this study.  Coal in Europe  (1) In Europe there is both a large reserve of hard coal as well  as subbituminous and lignite available, with reserves regionally dispersed. Including Russia Europe is keeping more than 30% of the  proven reserves worldwide, however only 4.4% in the member states  of the EU. Reserves in western and southern Europe (EU 15) have  significantly decreased due to a high production level during the last  50 years, while EU 10 and candidate countries, especially Poland still  keep significant reserves.  (2) Europe (without former Soviet Union) presently accounts for  about 315 Mtce coal production; this is 8% of the world's total annual coal production (4’058 Mtce). Neighbouring countries including  Turkey and the states of the former Soviet Union add to approximately the same amount of produced coal (320 Mtce). Germany and  Poland are by far the largest coal producers in the EU; together they  account for about 2/3 of all coal presently produced in the EU.  (3) After an all-time low of 495 Mtce in 1999 coal consumption  was taking up again, especially in EU 15 (from 292 to 314 Mtce in  2004), while during the same period keeping approximately a constant level in EU 10 and selected candidate countries (145 Mtce). Another 60 Mtce are consumed by neighbouring countries of the European Union, not counting the former states of the Soviet Union, which  have been as well decreasing to 230 Mtce in 1998 and growing to  250 Mtce in 2004.  (4) Coal consumption is exceeding the European production,  with net coal imports growing from 125 Mtce (1994) to 147 Mtce  (2004). The most important countries of origin for European hard coal  imports are South Africa, Australia, Colombia, and the Former Soviet  Union.  (5) After a twenty year low in 1999/2000 with CIF prices of  around $35 a ton for both Japan and Europe, increased domestic  demand in major exporting countries (China, Russia), decreased production (USA) and increased freight charge leading to high coal  prices 2004. However, with view on reserves and competitive producer markets as a first conclusion can be drawn, that coal prices are  more likely to stay stable or growing moderately compared to other  fossil fuels.  (6) In power generation, coal is playing a dominant role in the  European Union with 25% of installed capacities and almost one third  of the power generation. However, investments in new power plants  with roughly one third of today's total capacity are necessary  throughout Europe in the next 25 years. This could result in a profound change in the power generation portfolio, with many options  under consideration for new plants including coal, gas and renewables or in some countries also nuclear energy.