2011年，美國煤炭出口總量為1.07億噸，為20多年來的最高水平。煤炭出口占美國煤炭總產(chǎn)量的近10%，支持了成千上萬美國工人的就業(yè)。煤炭出口的經(jīng)濟貢獻遠遠超出我的網(wǎng)站的活動,包括就業(yè)相關(guān)下游運輸提供商將煤炭從礦山,港口,港口服務(wù),準備和加載煤運往國外,和其他企業(yè),支持煤炭出口活動。這一過程中的每一步都為美國經(jīng)濟活動做出了貢獻經(jīng)濟。安永會計師事務(wù)所(Ernst & Young LLP)受美國國家礦業(yè)協(xié)會(NMA)委托，對2011年美國煤炭出口的經(jīng)濟貢獻進行了評估，這是在分析時獲得的最新完整數(shù)據(jù)。分析考慮了當前煤炭出口對美國經(jīng)濟的經(jīng)濟貢獻，并提供了各州的估計。重要發(fā)現(xiàn):?每百萬短噸美國煤炭出口在2011年貢獻了估計1320美國經(jīng)濟總工作:2011年,141270年煤炭出口貢獻了1.07億短噸總直接、間接、美國經(jīng)濟和誘導的工作,相當于約1320個工作崗位,每百萬短噸煤出口。2011年，全國每百萬噸級出口冶金用煤供養(yǎng)職工1460人，2011年全國每百萬噸級出口蒸汽用煤供養(yǎng)職工1050人。?直接雇員在煤炭出口相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)收入超過全國平均水平近50%在2011年的工資和福利:2011年,員工直接使用煤炭相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)(員工在煤礦、運輸公司、港口和港口服務(wù)公司和煤炭出口船只)的年度平均96100美元的工資福利,美國所有員工的平均水平相比,在2011年的64500美元。2007年以來，美國的煤炭出口有所增長:2011年，美國生產(chǎn)了近11億噸煤，其中9.74億噸用于國內(nèi)，1.07億噸(占總產(chǎn)量的10%)出口國外。與五年前的2007年相比，這標志著出口水平和美國總產(chǎn)量中出口份額的增長。2007年，美國出口了5500萬短噸煤(占總產(chǎn)量的5%)。2011年，美國煤炭出口占全球海運煤炭出貨量的8.4%，高于2007年的5.7%。各個州的煤炭出口活動差別很大，影響到與煤炭出口有關(guān)的經(jīng)濟活動的水平:有些州的煤炭出口比例比其他州大。美國最大的產(chǎn)煤州懷俄明2011年向美國以外的買家出口了約1%的煤炭。相比之下，美國第二大煤炭生產(chǎn)商西弗吉尼亞州在2011年向海外出口了3500萬短噸煤炭，相當于其煤炭總產(chǎn)量的27%。出口到國外的煤炭生產(chǎn)份額的州與州之間的變化與兩個主要因素有關(guān):(1)國家生產(chǎn)的煤炭類型，以及(2)國家與具有煤炭運輸能力的國際港口的鄰近性和連通性。煤礦結(jié)構(gòu)和煤炭類型的地區(qū)差異影響經(jīng)濟貢獻:每百萬短噸煤炭的就業(yè)貢獻總量因出口煤炭類型的不同而不同。煤是利用地下煤礦和地面煤礦開采的。一般來說，露天開采在西部各州較為普遍，而地下開采則在該國東部較為普遍，那里生產(chǎn)出口的冶金用煤的大部分。地表采礦一般是勞動密集型程度較低的作業(yè)，每生產(chǎn)一噸煤雇用較少的采礦工人。平均每百萬短直接煤礦和承包商雇傭噸煤產(chǎn)生六州密西西比河以西的工人和79名工人在州東(36工人每短噸美國整體),導致更高的總體估計每噸冶金coal.3就業(yè)的貢獻。2011年，美國煤礦有25130個與出口煤炭生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的直接工作崗位:2011年，在美國143440個煤礦工作崗位中，約有25130個(18%)與煤炭出口生產(chǎn)相關(guān)。這些員工2011年的勞動收入約為26億美元，支持了54億美元的總增加值。盡管就業(yè)總?cè)藬?shù)包括全職和兼職員工，但根據(jù)美國勞工部公布的數(shù)據(jù)，2011年美國煤礦員工平均每周工作50個小時勞工統(tǒng)計局(Bureau of Labor Statistics.4?支出在下游煤炭出口運輸服務(wù)相關(guān)支持的8850個工作崗位在運輸公司:美國運輸公司(包括深海貨運航運)生成估計有31億美元的收入從2011年的煤炭出口,雇用8850名工人獲得勞動收入的估計有8.32億美元。在31億美元的總收入中，估計有24億美元與從礦場到港口的運輸有關(guān)(每短噸煤22美元)，約65%(15億美元)與冶金用煤出口有關(guān)。其余7億美元的運輸支出預計來自深海貨運，該行業(yè)雇傭了810名美國工人。在全部直接運輸支出中，對就業(yè)的影響主要來自鐵路運輸，這是美國煤礦向美國港口運輸煤炭的主要運輸方式。港口和貨物裝卸活動相關(guān)的煤炭出口雇用了5370名工人:2011年,出口美國煤炭出口占總量的16%船通過美國港口出口貨物的全部重量,12%在2007.5港口運營商和服務(wù)提供者生成估計有10億美元的收入來自煤炭出口,支持5370個直接全職和兼職工作在港口和貨物裝卸公司和勞動收入3.28億美元。弗吉尼亞州的出口活動最為活躍，2011年，該州占美國煤炭出口出貨量的38%，以及與煤炭出口出貨量相關(guān)的港口業(yè)務(wù)和貨物裝卸就業(yè)的22%。2011年，通過弗吉尼亞州諾福克港的所有出口貨物的總重量中，煤炭占了77%。6?供應商和員工購買支出支持額外的經(jīng)濟活動:除了39350個直接就業(yè)在礦山、港口和港口服務(wù)公司,和下游運輸提供商,煤炭出口支持估計有101920個工作崗位在其他行業(yè),包括就業(yè)在供應商(間接經(jīng)濟貢獻)和公司賣給員工(誘導經(jīng)濟貢獻)。包括所有這些經(jīng)濟貢獻，2011年煤炭出口就業(yè)貢獻超過141,270個兼職和全職工作崗位。2011年，這些工作為美國工人提供了約93億美元的勞動收入。

In 2011, U.S. coal exports totaled 107 million short tons, the highest level in over 20 years.1 Coal exports accounted for nearly ten percent of total U.S. coal production and supported the  employment of thousands of U.S. workers. The economic contribution of coal exports extends  well beyond the activities conducted at mine sites and includes employment related to  downstream transportation providers that move coal from mines to ports, as well as the port  services that prepare and load the coal for shipment abroad, and other businesses that are  supported by coal export activity. Each step in this process contributes economic activity to the  U.S. economy.  Ernst & Young LLP was commissioned by the National Mining Association (NMA) to estimate  the economic contributions of coal exports in the United States in 2011, the most recent year for  which complete data were available at the time of the analysis. The analysis considers the  current economic contribution of coal exports to the U.S. economy and provides estimates for  each state.  Key findings:  ? Each million short tons of U.S. coal exported in 2011 contributed an estimated 1,320  total jobs to the U.S. economy: In 2011, 107 million short tons of coal exports contributed  141,270 total direct, indirect, and induced jobs to the U.S. economy, equivalent to  approximately 1,320 jobs for every million short tons of coal exported. Each million tons of  exported metallurgical coal supported 1,460 employees compared to 1,050 employees per  million short tons of exported steam coal in 2011.  ? Direct employees in coal export-related industries earned nearly 50 percent more than  the national average in wages and benefits in 2011: In 2011, employees employed  directly at coal-export related businesses (employees at coal mines, transportation  companies, port and port services firms, and coal-exporting ships) earned an annual  average of $96,100 in wages in benefits, compared to the U.S. average for all employees of  $64,500 in 2011.  ? U.S. coal exports have increased since 2007: In 2011, the United States produced nearly  1.1 billion short tons of coal, of which 974 million short tons were used domestically and 107  million (ten percent of total production) were exported abroad. This marks an increase in  both the level of exports and the share of total U.S. production that is exported compared  with five years prior in 2007, when exports totaled 55 million short tons of coal (five percent  of total production). In 2011, U.S. coal exports accounted for 8.4 percent of world seaborne  coal shipments, up from 5.7 percent in 2007.Coal export activity varies significantly across states, affecting the level of economic  activity related to coal exports: Some states export a larger share of their coal than  others. Wyoming, the largest coal producing state, exported around one percent of its coal  production to purchasers outside the U.S. in 2011. In contrast, West Virginia, the nation’s  second largest coal producer, exported 35 million short tons of coal abroad in 2011, equal to  27 percent of its total coal production. The state-to-state variation in the share of coal  production that is exported abroad is related to two primary factors: (1) the type of coal  produced by the state, and (2) the proximity and connectivity of the state to international  ports with coal shipping capacity.  ? Regional differences in mine configuration and type of coal affect economic  contributions: The total estimated employment contribution per million short tons of coal  varies by type of coal being exported. Coal is mined using underground mines and surface  mines. In general, surface mining is more common in the western states, while underground  mining is more common in the eastern half of the country, where the majority of metallurgical  coal for export is produced. Surface mining is generally the less labor-intensive operation,  employing fewer mining workers per ton of coal produced. The average direct coal mine and  contractor employment per million short tons of coal produced is six workers in states west  of the Mississippi River and 79 workers in states to the east (36 workers per short ton for the  United States overall), contributing to higher overall estimated employment contributions per  ton of metallurgical coal.3 ? There were 25,130 direct U.S. jobs at coal mines related to coal production for export  in 2011: In 2011, an estimated 25,130 (18 percent) of the total 143,440 U.S. coal mining  jobs were related to coal export production. These employees earned an estimated $2.6  billion in labor income in 2011 and supported $5.4 billion in total gross value added. While  the total employment includes full- and part-time employees, in 2011, U.S. coal mine  employees worked an average of 50 hours per week, according to data published by the  U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.4 ? Expenditures on downstream transportation services related to coal exports  supported 8,850 jobs at transportation companies: U.S. transportation companies  (including deep sea freight shipping) generated an estimated $3.1 billion in revenue from  coal exports in 2011, employing 8,850 workers who earned an estimated total of $832  million of labor income in that year. Of the total $3.1 billion of revenue, an estimated $2.4  billion was related to transportation from the mine to ports ($22 per short ton of coal) with  approximately 65 percent ($1.5 billion) related to exports of metallurgical coal. The  remaining $700 million of the estimated transportation spending is due to deep sea freight  shipping, employing 810 U.S. workers. Of total direct transportation spending, the majority  (81 percent) of the employment impact is from rail transportation, the predominant mode of  transportation for shipments of coal from U.S. mines to U.S. ports.U.S. port and cargo handling activity related to coal exports employed 5,370 workers:  In 2011, shipments of U.S. coal for export comprised 16 percent of the total vessel weight of  all exported goods passing through U.S. ports, up from 12 percent in 2007.5 Port operators  and service providers generated an estimated $1.0 billion of revenue from coal exports,  supporting 5,370 direct full- and part-time jobs at ports and cargo handling companies and  $328 million in labor income. Export activity was highest in Virginia, which accounted for 38  percent of U.S. coal export shipments and 22 percent of port operations and cargo handling  employment related to coal export shipments in 2011. In 2011, shipments of coal comprised  77 percent of the total weight of all exported goods passing through the Norfolk, Virginia  port.6 ? Supplier purchases and employee spending support additional economic activity: In  addition to the 39,350 direct jobs at mines, port and port services firms, and downstream  transportation providers, coal exports supported an estimated 101,920 jobs in other  industries, including employment at suppliers (the indirect economic contribution) and at  companies that sell to employees (the induced economic contribution). Including all of these  economic contributions, the total employment contribution of coal exports was more than  141,270 part-time and full-time jobs in 2011. These jobs provided U.S. workers with an  estimated $9.3 billion of labor income in 2011.