世界煤炭市場發(fā)展——世界煤炭生產(chǎn)和海運(yùn)貿(mào)易主要趨勢全球動力煤產(chǎn)量下降,從2016年的70億噸增加到2015年的67億噸,反映了低價(jià)格在主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體由于需求疲軟,主要是中國、歐盟(EU)和美利堅(jiān)合眾國(美國)。全球煤炭貿(mào)易2016年全球海運(yùn)硬煤貿(mào)易預(yù)計(jì)為1100噸，幾乎與前一年持平。供應(yīng)市場由澳大利亞和印度尼西亞主導(dǎo)，分別占市場份額的35%和28%。隨著煤炭價(jià)格從2016年下半年開始飆升，許多煤炭生產(chǎn)巨頭正在恢復(fù)盈利。英美資源集團(tuán)取消了兩筆冶金煤礦的資產(chǎn)剝離。嘉能可(Glencore)報(bào)告2016年實(shí)現(xiàn)凈利潤，但煤炭對沖交易虧損10億美元。必和必拓公布了2009年以來最高的煤炭利潤，但對短期不確定性表示謹(jǐn)慎。到2016年底，煤炭價(jià)格和趨勢蒸汽煤價(jià)格出現(xiàn)了驚人的反彈，達(dá)到了每噸90美元。漲價(jià)的基礎(chǔ)是減產(chǎn)，主要是在中國。中國進(jìn)一步限制工作日的決定在2017年3月被推遲，原因是煤炭價(jià)格上漲幅度超出了中國監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的預(yù)期。歐洲煤MARKETThe歐洲煤炭市場自2012年以來持續(xù)下降的原因:電力批發(fā)價(jià)格低,市場份額損失補(bǔ)貼可再生能源,新的競爭氣體和壓力環(huán)境監(jiān)管和稅收,以及有限的可用性的公共和私人財(cái)務(wù)新項(xiàng)目。奧地利能源公司HARD COALAustria Verbund將在2020年前關(guān)閉梅拉赫(Mellach) 246兆瓦的燃煤電廠。電廠,在1986年委托,代表大約12%的奧地利燃煤能力并提供主要由波蘭和W?glokoks OKD來自捷克共和國。捷克2016年的硬煤產(chǎn)量為6.8公噸，比2015年8.2公噸下降了18%。大約3.4公噸的硬煤出口(-4%)，大約3.1公噸的硬煤進(jìn)口，比2015年增加了10%。電力生產(chǎn)和焦炭生產(chǎn)平分進(jìn)口。丹麥煤炭進(jìn)口量從2015年的2.8噸小幅增至2016年的2.9噸。董能源宣布，到2023年，將停止在其發(fā)電廠使用煤炭，代之以木球和木片。目前，東電46%的火力發(fā)電和熱能發(fā)電都使用煤炭。Studstrup電站在2016年10月和單元1 Avedre電站在2016年12月被轉(zhuǎn)換為燃燒生物質(zhì)。芬蘭這個(gè)北部國家沒有任何煤礦，但使用固體燃料發(fā)電。2016年，初步數(shù)據(jù)顯示進(jìn)口為3.9噸，其中1.5噸為煉焦煤。煤炭消費(fèi)量(包括硬煤、焦炭、高爐煤氣、焦?fàn)t煤氣)增長16%，達(dá)到116噸(能源消費(fèi)總量的9%)。2016年，德國的煤炭產(chǎn)量從2015年的6.7噸(-39%)大幅下降至4.1噸，原因是奧古斯塔維多利亞煤礦計(jì)劃在2016年1月關(guān)閉。煤炭進(jìn)口量一直處于高位，為53.1噸，略低于2015年。煤炭和煤炭產(chǎn)品進(jìn)口總量為55.2噸(蒸汽煤73.1%，焦煤22.0%，焦炭3.5%，無煙煤1.1%，煤球0.2%)。2016年，煤炭在意大利電力結(jié)構(gòu)中的份額保持在12%左右。進(jìn)口動力煤14噸(與2015年相比下降12.5%);冶金用煤和PCI的進(jìn)口量增加到3.9 Mt(與2015年相比增長了11%)。意大利制造業(yè)的電價(jià)比歐盟平均水平高出50%，因?yàn)樵搰蕾噺亩砹_斯和阿爾及利亞進(jìn)口的天然氣以及可再生能源補(bǔ)貼。波蘭2016年的硬煤產(chǎn)量為70.4噸，較2015年下降了1.8%。最大的生產(chǎn)商依然存在:Kompania W?glowa(生產(chǎn)23.6噸、3.6噸不到2015年),Jastrzebska Spolka W?glowa,主要專攻煉焦煤(生產(chǎn)16.8噸,比2015年增加0.5噸)Katowicki控股W?glowy(生產(chǎn)9.5噸、1.1噸不到2015年),和LW Bogdanka(生產(chǎn)9.0噸,比2015年增加0.5噸)。波蘭的硬煤出口量與2015年持平，為9公噸。波蘭的硬煤進(jìn)口量也保持穩(wěn)定，2016年為8.3公噸，主要來自俄羅斯(5.2公噸)、澳大利亞(1.7公噸)和哥倫比亞(0.6公噸)。然而，2016年進(jìn)口的動力煤更多，煉焦煤更少。西班牙2016年的煤炭產(chǎn)量為1.7噸，比前一年下降了42%。煤炭進(jìn)口的臨時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2015年是水力發(fā)電的好年份，從2015年的19噸下降到14.7噸左右。2016年，燃煤電廠發(fā)電37.5 TWh，占西班牙電力市場的14%。土耳其煤炭生產(chǎn)和進(jìn)口在2016年土耳其上去,擴(kuò)張后的經(jīng)濟(jì)和煤炭艦隊(duì),以及實(shí)施新的安全措施,盡管選擇性額外征稅進(jìn)口煤用于發(fā)電,介紹了8月在煤炭市場報(bào)告(報(bào)告2016 - 2)。在2016年,總值92.3太瓦時(shí)使用煤炭、電力總總發(fā)電量的34%左右。2016年，煤炭僅占發(fā)電的10%(與2015年相比下降了60%)。然而，沒有更多的工廠被宣布關(guān)閉。煤炭產(chǎn)量為4.2噸(下降51%)，進(jìn)口為8.3噸，緊隨煤炭發(fā)電量的下降。進(jìn)口主要來自哥倫比亞(2.4公噸)、俄羅斯(2.3公噸)和美國(1.3公噸)。尤其是俄羅斯的煤炭進(jìn)口近年來大幅下滑，從英國市場最大的煤炭供應(yīng)國降至第三位，部分原因是與氮氧化物相關(guān)的質(zhì)量問題。烏克蘭政府于2017年2月宣布進(jìn)入緊急狀態(tài)，原因是煤炭庫存低，這意味著存在斷電風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。據(jù)報(bào)道，低庫存是由于一些烏克蘭活動人士切斷了來自非政府控制地區(qū)的煤炭運(yùn)輸。緊急狀態(tài)隨后被延長。與2015年相比，2016年保加利亞褐煤的煤炭利用和產(chǎn)量有所下降，主要是由于總發(fā)電量下降。褐煤產(chǎn)量下降到31.2 Mt(與2015年相比下降了13%)，而褐煤消耗量為29.9 Mt(下降了16%)。2016年，捷克的褐煤產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定在38.5公噸，其中大部分用于電力生產(chǎn)(29.0公噸)。出口保持在2015年的水平，大約為0.92噸，主要出口到波蘭和斯洛伐克。幾乎沒有褐煤進(jìn)口，這與2015年約1噸褐煤進(jìn)口的情況有所不同。2016年德國褐煤產(chǎn)量為171.5 Mt，較上年下降3.7%。大部分礦業(yè)集中在萊茵蘭地區(qū)(52.7%)，其次是盧薩提亞(36.3%)和德國中部(10.3%)。Helmstedt煤礦關(guān)閉是因?yàn)槭褂闷浜置旱陌l(fā)電廠轉(zhuǎn)移到了戰(zhàn)略保護(hù)區(qū)。褐煤是希臘重要的發(fā)電燃料，約占電力市場的三分之一(2016年為31%)。2016年褐煤產(chǎn)量為32.6 Mt，比2015年下降了28%。硬煤消耗量低，僅用于工業(yè)用途。希臘沒有硬煤開采，2016年進(jìn)口量為0.3噸，與2015年持平。匈牙利2016年的煤炭產(chǎn)量為9.2噸，略低于2015年。匈牙利的硬煤產(chǎn)量可能會增加，為了滿足家庭消費(fèi)，2016年新開了兩座小煤礦。還有一家新的煤炭公司使用褐煤作為混合肥料出口到意大利。生產(chǎn)規(guī)模雖小，但這對整個(gè)行業(yè)來說是一個(gè)令人鼓舞的跡象。2016年波蘭褐煤產(chǎn)量為60.2 Mt，略低于2015年的63.1 Mt。主要產(chǎn)地是鉑族元素Be?chatow,超過40.2公噸,緊隨其后的是鉑族元素特羅(7.5噸),PAK Konin(9.0噸)和PAK Adamow(3.5噸)。2016年，羅馬尼亞褐煤產(chǎn)量降至23.0 Mt，其中20.0 Mt由該國第二大電力公司Oltenia Energy Complex開采。除了過去4年為二氧化碳排放證書支付的2.4億歐元外，該公司近年來還投資了10億歐元用于脫硫工廠、濃漿設(shè)備和靜電除塵器。2016年，斯洛伐克褐煤產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定在1.8噸，其中大部分用于發(fā)電。經(jīng)過最近的幾次煤礦收購之后，霍諾尼特里安斯克貝恩普雷內(nèi)扎(Hornonitrianske bane priapriza, a.s.s (HBP))是該國唯一的煤礦公司，雇傭了大約4200名員工。提取煤在地下煤礦在Novaky, Cige?,Handlova?ary。

WORLD COAL MARKET DEVELOPMENTS – WORLD COAL PRODUCTION AND  SEABORNE TRADE Key trends Global steam coal production decreased again, from 7.0 billion tonnes in 2015 to 6.7 billion tonnes in  2016, reflecting low prices due to weaker demand in major economies, mainly China, the European Union  (EU) and the United States of America (US). Global coal trade Global seaborne hard coal trade is estimated at 1 100 Mt in 2016, almost the same level as in the  previous year. The supply market is dominated by Australia and Indonesia, which supply 35% and  respectively 28% of the market. Corporate developments Many coal producing majors are returning to profit, following the coal price surge starting in the second  half of 2016. Anglo American cancelled two metallurgical coal mine divestments. Glencore reported a  profit on a net basis in 2016, but a $1bn coal hedge loss. BHP reported its highest met coal profits since  2009, but cautioned against short-term uncertainties.Coal prices and trends Steam coal prices made a spectacular recovery by the end of 2016, reaching 90 $/tonne. The fundaments  for the price increase were production cuts, mainly in China. China’s decision to curb working days  further was postponed in March 2017, as coal prices moved higher than the Chinese regulators would  like them to be. EUROPEAN COAL MARKETThe European coal market has continued to decline since 2012 for a combination of reasons: low  wholesale electricity prices, loss of market share to subsidised renewables, renewed competition from  gas and pressure from environmental regulation and taxation, as well as the limited availability of public  and private finances for new projects. HARD COALAustria Verbund, an Austrian energy company, will close the 246 MW Mellach coal-fired power plant by 2020.  The power plant, commissioned in 1986, represents about 12% of Austrian coal-fired capacity and it is supplied mainly by W?glokoks from Poland and OKD from the Czech Republic. Czech Republic Hard coal production in the Czech Republic amounted to 6.8 Mt in 2016, a decrease of 18% from 2015,  when it stood at 8.2 Mt. Approximately 3.4 Mt of hard coal were exported (-4%) and approximately  3.1 Mt were imported, 10% more than in 2015. Imports were equally divided between electricity  generation and coke production. Denmark Danish coal imports slightly increased to 2.9 Mt in 2016, from 2.8 Mt in 2015. DONG Energy announced that it will stop using coal at its power plants by 2023, replacing the fuel with  wood pellets and wood chips. Currently, DONG is using coal for 46% of thermal power and heat  generation. Studstrup Power Station in October 2016 and Unit 1 at Avedre Power Station in December 2016 were converted to burn biomass. Finland The Northern country does not have any coal mining operations, but uses solid fuels for electricity  generation. In 2016, preliminary data shows that imports stood at 3.9 Mt, 1.5 Mt being coking coal. Overall, the consumption of coal (including hard coal, coke, and blast furnace and coke oven gas) increased by 16% to 116 TJ (9% of total energy consumption). Hard coal consumption, mostly in  combined heat and power production, increased by 31% to 3.3 Mt.  Germany In 2016, coal production significantly decreased to 4.1 Mt from 6.7 Mt in 2015 (-39%), due to the planned  closure of Augusta Victoria mine in January 2016. Coal imports have been at high levels, at 53.1 Mt,  slightly lower than in 2015. Total coal and coal products imports stood at 55.2 Mt (73.1% steam coal,  22.0% coking coal, 3.5% coke, 1.1% anthracite, 0.2% briquettes). Italy Coal’s share in the Italian electricity mix remained stable at around 12% in 2016. Steam coal imports  stood at 14 Mt (-12.5% compared with 2015); while the imports of metallurgical coal and PCI increased  to 3.9 Mt (+11% compared with 2015). The Italian manufacturing industry incurs electricity prices 50% above the EU average, as the country  depends on imported natural gas from Russia and Algeria and subsidised renewable energies. Poland Hard coal production in Poland slightly decreased in 2016 to 70.4 Mt, -1.8% compared with 2015. The  largest producers remain: Kompania W?glowa (producing 23.6 Mt, 3.6 Mt less than in 2015), Jastrzebska  Spolka W?glowa, mostly specialised in coking coal (producing 16.8 Mt, 0.5 Mt more than in 2015)  Katowicki Holding W?glowy (producing 9.5 Mt, 1.1 Mt less than in 2015), and LW Bogdanka (producing  9.0 Mt, 0.5 Mt more than in 2015). Polish hard coal exports remained the same as in 2015, at 9 Mt. Imports of hard coal into Poland  remained also stable, at 8.3 Mt in 2016, largely from Russia (5.2 Mt), Australia (1.7 Mt) and Colombia (0.6 Mt). However, more steam coal and less coking coal was imported in 2016.Spain Coal production in 2016 was at 1.7 Mt, a large decrease (-42%) from the previous year. Provisional figures  for coal imports show a decrease to around 14.7 Mt, from 19 Mt in 2015, following a good year for hydro  generation. Coal-fired power plants generated 37.5 TWh in 2016, covering 14% of the Spanish electricity  market.Turkey Coal production and imports in Turkey went up in 2016, following the expansion of the economy and of  the coal fleet, as well as implementation of new safety measures, despite the selective additional tax on  imported coal used for power generation, introduced in August (reported in Coal Market report 2016- 2). In 2016, 92.3 TWh gross electricity was generated using coal, around 34% of total gross electricity  generation in the country. United Kingdom In 2016, coal represented just 10% of generation (down 60% in comparison with 2015). However, no  further plant closures were announced. Coal production was 4.2 Mt (down 51%) and imports stood at  8.3 Mt, following the decline in coal generation. Imports came mostly from Colombia (2.4 Mt), Russia  (2.3 Mt) and the USA (1.3 Mt). Russian coal imports in particular lost significant ground in recent years,  falling from the top supplier of the UK market to third place, partly for quality reasons relative to NOX. Ukraine The Ukrainian government declared a state of emergency in February 2017 due to low coal inventories,  which means a risk of power cuts. The low inventories are reported to result from the blocking supply of  coal transport from non-government controlled territories by some Ukrainian activists. The state of  emergency has been subsequently prolonged. LIGNITE Bulgaria Coal utilisation and production decreased in 2016, in comparison with 2015, mainly due to lower gross  electricity production. Lignite production decreased to 31.2 Mt (-13% in comparison with 2015), while  lignite consumption stood at 29.9 Mt (-16%).Czech Republic Brown coal production in the Czech Republic remained steady at 38.5 Mt in 2016, most being utilised in  electricity production (29.0 Mt). Exports remained at the same level as in 2015, at around 0.92 Mt, mainly  to Poland and Slovakia. Almost no brown coal was imported, a change from 2015 when about 1 Mt of  brown coal were imported. Germany Lignite production in 2016 was 171.5 Mt, 3.7% lower than the previous year. Most mining is in the  Rhineland region (52.7%), followed by Lusatia (36.3%) and Central Germany (10.3%). Helmstedt mine  closed because the power plant that was using its lignite moved to the strategic reserve. Greece Lignite is an important fuel for power generation in Greece, with about one third of the electricity market (31% in 2016). Lignite production stood at 32.6 Mt in 2016, 28% less than in 2015. Hard coal consumption  is low, used only for industrial purposes. There is no hard coal mining in Greece and imports stood at  0.3 Mt in 2016, about the same figure as in 2015.Hungary Coal production in Hungary stood at 9.2 Mt in 2016, slightly lower than in 2015. Hard coal production  in Hungary will likely increase, two small new mines were opened in 2016 to meet household consumption. There is also a new coal company that uses lignite in a mix as fertilizer for export to Italy.  The production is small scale, but this is an encouraging sign for the industry.Poland In 2016, lignite production stood at 60.2 Mt, slightly less than the 63.1 Mt produced in 2015. The leading producer was PGE Be?chatw, with over 40.2 Mt, followed by PGE Turw (7.5 Mt), PAK Konin (9.0 Mt)  and PAK Adamw (3.5 Mt). Romania Lignite production decreased to 23.0 Mt in 2016, 20.0 Mt being mined by Oltenia Energy Complex, the  second largest electricity company in the country. The company invested €1 bn in recent years for  desulphurization plants, dense slurry facilities and electrostatic precipitators, in addition to the €240  million paid for CO2 certificates in the last four years.Slovakia Lignite production remained stable at 1.8 Mt in 2016, most being consumed for electricity generation.  Hornonitrianske bane Prievidza, a.s. (HBP) is the only coal miner in the country, after recent mine  acquisitions, employing circa 4,200 employees. Coal is extracted in underground collieries at Novky,  Cge?, Handlov and ?ry.