Capitalizationin Titles

英文標(biāo)題大寫(xiě)規(guī)則

NIVA follows the general rules forcapitalizing words in document titles set out in The Chicago Manual of Style (with one minor exception—see the note in rule 3):

在《芝加哥風(fēng)格指南》中，尼瓦遵循了書(shū)寫(xiě)文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)題時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)一貫遵守的字母大寫(xiě)規(guī)則。（一些特例將在第三條規(guī)則中被加以討論）

1. Alwayscapitalize the first and the last word.標(biāo)題首末的兩個(gè)單詞必須大寫(xiě)

2.Capitalize allnouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions ("as", "because", "although").所有的名詞、代詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞和從屬連詞（as, because, although）必須大寫(xiě)。

3. Lowercaseall articles, coordinate conjunctions ("and", "or", "nor"), and prepositions regardless of length, when they are otherthan the first or last word.

Note: NIVA prefers to capitalize prepositions offive characters or more ("after", "among", "between"). 所有的文獻(xiàn)名、并列名詞、介詞（不論長(zhǎng)短）在不違反第一條規(guī)則的情況下都必須小寫(xiě)。

4. Lowercase the"to" in an infinitive.不定時(shí)中的to要小寫(xiě)。（補(bǔ)充：尼瓦更傾向于對(duì)由超過(guò)4個(gè)字母組成的介詞采用大寫(xiě)形式，例如after, along, between）

Most Common Mistakes

常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤

Most writers are familiar with these general rules. Butsome have difficulty identifying the various parts of speech, while others haveinternalized incorrect "rules" taught in elementary school. Theseindividuals are therefore prone to making mistakes when capitalizing or lower casingwords in titles. The most common mistakes are presented below.大多數(shù)書(shū)寫(xiě)者對(duì)于這些規(guī)則是熟悉的。但有的人存在著識(shí)別句子成分的困難；有的人深受小學(xué)時(shí)錯(cuò)誤的引導(dǎo)。因而這些人在標(biāo)題單詞大寫(xiě)小寫(xiě)的問(wèn)題上容易出錯(cuò)。以下是一些最常見(jiàn)的錯(cuò)誤。

Two-Letter Words

Some writers lowercase all two-letter words, probably byextrapolation from the short prepositions "of", "to", "up", and so on, and the word "to" in infinitives. But if atwo-letter word is acting as a noun, pronoun, adjective, or adverb, it must becapitalized. For example:

Go Tell it onthe Mountain
(wrong;"it" is a pronoun <代詞> and should be capitalized <大寫(xiě)>)

When is a Spade aSpade?
(wrong;"is" is a verb <動(dòng)詞> and shouldbe capitalized <大寫(xiě)>)

Multipurpose Words

Some writerslowercase words that can function as prepositions when those words arecurrently functioning in other capacities. For example:

The Man in theMoon Owns a Yellow Balloon
(correct;"in" is functioning as a preposition <介詞> and should be lowercased <小寫(xiě)>)

Bringing in the Sheaves
(wrong;"in" is functioning as an adverb <副詞> and should be capitalized <大寫(xiě)>)

Phrasal Verbs

Some writersfind it hard to decide how to capitalize a title containing a phrasal verb. Phrasal verbs are verbs whose meaning is completed by a word called a particle（小品詞，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的介詞或副詞）. For example, the verb "to give" has a different meaning than the phrasal verb "to give up".

Like other multipurpose words, words functioning asparticles must be distinguished from the same words functioning asprepositions. Particles are always capitalized because they form part of theverb. For example:

My Travels up Nova Scotia's South Shore
(correct;"up" is functioning as a preposition <介詞> and should be lowercased<小寫(xiě)>)

Setting up Your Computer
(wrong;"up" is functioning as a particle <小品詞> and should be capitalized<大寫(xiě)>)

Mistaken Notions (誤區(qū))

Grammar justdoesn't sink naturally into everyone's head. To some writers, the fact that oneword resembles another is enough reason to treat those words equally when itcomes to capitalization in a title. For example:

The Time of their Lives
(wrong;"their" is an adjective <形容詞> and should be capitalized <大寫(xiě)>—the writer probably extrapolated from"the")